MAINS QUESTION - Civil Service Mains

The French Revolution (1789 - 1799) was a period of political and social upheaval and radical changes in the history of France from 1789 onwards.Lasted until 1799. Later, Napoleon Bonaparte carried this revolution to some degree by the expansion of the French Empire. The revolution resulted in the removal of the king from the throne, the establishment of a republic, a period of bloody strife, and eventually the dictatorship of Napoleon leading to the spread of many values ​​of this revolution in and beyond Western Europe. This revolution changed the direction of modern history. With this, the world began to lose its absolute monarchy, new republics and liberal peoples were formed.There have hardly been such revolts in the history of any country, which is more important and controversial than the French Revolution of 1789. This revolution shook France and Europe, as well as its echo throughout the world. The far-reaching impact of this event has, in fact, been so much that much study a…

- Reclamation refers to all those intellectual, cultural and scientific trends that were visible at the end of the medieval period and moved the European society from the medieval to the modern period. In fact Italy was the focal point of the Renaissance in Europe. Renaissance wave europe from italy The geographical conditions of Italy first made it into a natural gateway between East and West as a result of the following reasons reached in other countries of the world. With the Turks taking control of Kustuntunia in 1453 AD, the scholars who were terrorized by them started settling in Italy. We must remember that Italy was the nearest region from Kustuntunia, where scholars could find refuge. While living in Italy, he spread ancient Greek and Roman knowledge and humanism Which contributed substantially to the renaissance evolution. With the fall of feudalism from the cities of Italy and the establishment of independent cities there, it was enough to spread the humanist ideology. Encoura…

-France's society was uneven and disintegrated. This society was completely divided into classes without privileges and privileges. French society was divided into three classes/status. The first states included the elite class and the third states the masses. The clergy and oligarchs were privileged and the unprivileged masses were the privileged. Lack of social equality is also one of the major reasons for the French Revolution. as written below-
1 First States- The clergy class was divided into two parts, high and low. The upper clergy had immense wealth that recovered "tith". They lived a life of luxury and used the immense wealth of the church and had little interest in religious work. In this way, they were corrupt, immoral and luxurious. Due to which it became unpopular in public. The second category was simple footsteps which were of low standard, they used to perform all the religious functions of the church. They lived an honest and simple life. Hence, they hate…

-Re-resurrection literally means "awake again", but it is not a sleeping person waking up from sleep, but the whole human being. In fact 5th to 6th century BC Greek Roman in Europe In the empire, many thinkers such as Socrates, Pluto, Aristotle, Pythagoras presented many dimensions of human development and which had fallen in the Middle Ages. After the 13th century, he again returned to an awakened state from dormancy. Based on the inspiration of ancient Europe, the construction of modern Europe was initially known as Renaissance. The Renaissance is not just reminiscent of ancient Greek and Roman achievements, but is also the name of the revival of cosmic tendencies in which human beings were stressed.
The main reasons for this are-
(1) War of Religion: The war between Muslims (Seljuk Turko) and Christians over the holy pilgrimage center of Christianity called Jerusalem is called Crusade. This occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries. Intellectual social and economic consequ…

After the end of the First World War, its terrible and far-reaching consequences have also been revealed.
Empire disintegration The immediate result of the First World War was that it disintegrated the kingdoms of Germany, Austria and Turkey. The dissolution of these three empires led to the emergence of many new countries in Europe; Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania And so on .
Benefit to the Allies The disintegration of these three kingdoms benefited the Allies - ie England, France, etc.. The Allies were victorious, so they annexed the kingdoms of the defeated states. England over Iraq and Palestine and France over Syria and Lebanon intervened to cover the mandate system. A lot of time for these countries to become independent felt
Russian Revolution - Bolshevik revolution took place in Russia during the First World War and there was a communist government which condemned imperialism and disintegrated the Russian Empire. This equitable government became a headache for western countries and to…

The Sultan of Turkey also included Turkey in the war with Germany. So; The Allies made a treaty with Turkey known as the Treaty of Sevre. According to this treaty, the Turkish Empire was disbanded. Now Turkey was confined to the Asia Minor Peninsula and the city of Kustuntunia. The 'mandate system' was introduced by a special provision and was handed over to Palestine, Transjordan and Mesopotamia, England, Syria, and Lebanon France. Mustafa in Turkey Under the leadership of Kamal Pasha, a national movement was started, forcing the Allies to make a respectable treaty with him in 1923, known as the Treaty of Lausanne.

The seed of the Second World War was contained in the Paris Peace Agreement. The Allies had imposed such a harsh and degrading treaty on Germany and its other allies, that those countries became the spirit of the above treaties and also the weakness of the League of Nations due to the Second World War. This war lasted from 1939 to 1945, which was the worst of genocide and damage. It agitated the whole world.
Showed that the errors of the Confederacy - the seed of the Second World War was present in the Treaty of Vasseya. At the time of the Ris peace conference, it was a common belief that through the Vasya Pact, a seed tree is being planted which will soon stand as a giant exterminator tree, whose entire humanity will suffer. Wilson's idealistic principles were utterly ignored in the Treaty of Vasseya. The defeated states had no option but to accept 'charged treaties'. For him, it was a prudence to silently pluck the bitter gulp of a harsh treaty silently down the throat. C…

In the Second World War there was loss of immense wealth. Experts estimate that the war costing the warring nation more than one lakh crore rupees in this war. Property worth about two thousand crore rupees was destroyed in Britain alone. A fourth of the entire national wealth of the Soviet Union was destroyed in it. No estimate of the destruction of the national wealth of Germany, France, Poland has been made.
It is estimated that in this war more than 1.5 crore soldiers of both sides were killed and about one crore soldiers were horribly injured. More than one crore civilians died due to air raids and sinking of passenger ships
End of Colonial Empire - After the Second World War, the sovereignty of European nations from the continent of Asia almost ended, India, Lanka, Vama, Malaya, Hindeshia, Egypt etc. gained independence after the Second World War.
Loss of power in England and increase in power of Russia and America - direct form Since Germany and Italy were defeated in this war, Engl…

औद्योगिक क्रांति सर्वप्रथम इंग्लैण्ड में हुई। राजनीतिक दृष्टि से इंग्लैण्ड कोई विशेष शक्तिशाली देश नहीं था फ्रांस इंग्लैण्ड की तुलना में अधिक समृद्ध था, फिर भी इस वक्रांति का सूत्रपात इंग्लैण्ड में ही हुआ। निश्चय ही इसके कुछ विशेष कारण थे, जो निम्न है -
प्राकृतिक कारण
1. प्राकृतिक साधनों की प्रचुरता 2. अनुकूल भौगोलिक स्थिति  3.जलवायु  4.कटा-फटा समुद्री तट 5. सामुद्रिक शक्ति की श्रेष्ठता- 
आर्थिक कारण
1. आर्थिक विकास के लिए आवश्यक पृष्ठभूमि का पाया जाना 2. श्रमिकों का अभाव तथा श्रम संचयक साधनों की आवश्यकता 3. पूंजी का असीमित संचय 4. विस्तृत बाजार क्षेत्र 5. वैज्ञानिक आविष्कार 6.यातायात का विकास 7.दक्ष श्रमिकों की उपलब्धि 8. इंग्लैण्ड की व्यापारिक तथा आर्थिक नीति 9. संगठन की योग्यता 10. बैंकिंग व्यवस्था का विकास होना 11. व्यक्तिगत आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता 12. विकासशील दृष्टिकोण
राजनीतिक कारण
1. राजनीतिक स्थायित्व एवं शांति का वातावरण 2. बाह्य आक्रमणों से मुक्ति 3. फ्रांस की राज्य क्रांति 4. राज्य की अभिरूचि 5. दास-प्रथा से मुक्ति तथा पूर्ण व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता
सामाजिक-धार्मिक कारण समा तथा धार्मिक वातावरण की अनुकूलता

उपर्…

The French Revolution of 1789 AD was not an accidental event but a result of the changes taking place in France. Many social and economic reasons were responsible for the French Revolution, which is as follows:
Social reasons
Many social causes were also responsible for the revolution of France, the main of which were the following:
1. The basis of society was the privileged class and inequality - here the old feudal system was prevalent. There was an atmosphere of extreme inequality in the whole society. In the words of Remgemeier, "The French Generation of the Revolution of Feudalism - against the anti-social order, class privileges, autocratic rule and bureaucracy, and the principles and principles of equality and right of human beings. On the basis of human society was the form of realization of the effort of innovation.
2. Rights of the feudatories: The nobles arranged for themselves in their jagirs in the furnace of sharava, flour mills. Milling of grains was done by them only. …