localization of cement industries in Madhya Pradesh.

Cement is extensively produced in the madhya pradesh region. Cement factories were established here before independence. cement is one Of the minerals to be mined in Madhya Pradesh, only lime is extensively used for industrial use. It is the raw material for cement production. The state has an abundance of  limestone deposits based on which cement factories have been set up. ACC, the first cement factory in the state Established in 1922-23 at Banmour (Morena). Subsequently, a Partland Cement (1922–23) and an Asbestos (1935) Cement: factory were set up at the time of independence, these three cement factories currently have 23 cement factories registered. Distribution of cement factories is linked to lime reserves. The state has significant age lime deposits ranging from Damoh district to Jabalpur, Katni, Rewa, Satna and Sidhi districts. The major cement factories of the state are located in this particualr area These include Jabalpur, Kaimur near Katni, Maihar in Satna, Satna, Ramvan, Naubasta in Rewa and Narsingarh in Damoh. 

There are mini cement plants in Damoh and Sidhi. Mandsaur-Neemuch is the second major sector of the cement industry. Here cement factories are located in Nayagaon, Javad and Khor. These two cities are also having cement factories in Bamore of Shivpuri, Malanpur of Bhind, Kareli of Narsinghpur, Kardia of Dhar, Sardarpur and Jirabad in Bamnaur of  Morena. The raw material of cement industry is such that it is economical to transport  far. it is not beneficial. This is the reason that these factories are set up near the limestone fields. Clay is found in the layers of limestone as well. Satna and Kaimur factories get coal from the nearby coal mines, Umaria, etc. Another requirement of the cement factory is large amount of water. The Kaimur factory may receive water collected in the lime mines. Therefore, it is necessary to properly manage its traffic. Therefore, factories are set up near the main railway route. Simultaneously, Kaimur also has a huge factory for making asbestos and cement sheets.

The problems of water resources in Madhya Pradesh.

M.P. Naturally rich region and water is an important and indispensable resource among these natural resources. Madhya Pradesh is called the maiden of rivers, that is, many small and big rivers flow here. Apart from this, wells and tube wells are also important water resources and ponds are also important sources of water resources of the state. Despite these water resources, many problems of water resources exist which can be briefly understood as follows-

1 rain-based rivers - M.P. Rivers are the most important source of water resources of the state, but the water of the rivers of the state is rainfed. That is why most of the rivers of the state dry up in summer and water

A crisis arises. Therefore, there are no concrete projects for perennial water flow to rivers in the state.

2 Dams are very expensive - since MP The main source of water in the rivers is the rivers, which can be dealt with by stopping the water from the dams, but the cost of the dams is high and the displacement and rehabilitation of the dams in large quantities, along with the slowing of the construction process. Being is also a hindrance in this.

3 falling ground water level - M.P. Ground water is an important source of water resources, but due to excessive and illegal exploitation of this water, its level is continuously falling. In many places it has gone down to hundreds of fits. Currently it has taken the form of a serious problem. The serious problem is water pollution. Rising water pollution has caused rivers,

The ponds have also polluted the ground water as well.

4 Water pollution- M.P. One of the many problems of water resources of the country is serious water pollution. Increasing water pollution has polluted the rivers and ponds as well as the ground water.

5 Conservation of water resources and no proper exploitation - M.P. Among the problems of water resources of the state, it is also important that a comprehensive policy and project to save and conserve water resources

There is no and what is not is also not properly followed. Apart from this, the methods of exploitation are also done in arbitrary ways rather than under the rules, which has threatened the existence of these resources.

Apart from this, problems like lack of public awareness, lack of proper and rigorous water policy, neglected attitude of the government, lack of finance, etc. have also remained a problem in the development of the state's water resources in order to protect and provide water resources. Therefore, quick and serious steps should be taken to overcome these problems in time, otherwise without this invaluable and indispensable resource of nature, there will be trouble on human life.

Agro-climatic regions of Madhya Pradesh.

Madhya Pradesh is a geographically vast state, with geographical areas as well as socioeconomic bases that vary, this vast region is divided into 11 agro-climatic zones on the basis of soil type, rainfall amount and production of crops is,

Whose details are as follows:

(1) Chhattisgarh Plain - This area is mainly spread in the state of Chhattisgarh, under which Madhya Pradesh. The district of Balaghat is included. This region is the main producer of rice. The amount of rainfall here is 1200 to 1600 mm (120–160 cm) and a plurality of medium red-yellow soil. It is also known as the Rice State.

(2) Northern hilly region of Chhattisgarh, in addition to Chhattisgarh under this, M.P. K. Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Anuppur, Dindori and Mandla districts come. This is also mainly rice region and the average rainfall is also 120 cm, 160 cm. is. The soil found here is red-yellow and medium black.

(3) Kaimur Plateau and Satpura Hills Area - Expansion of this agro-climatic region. K is in Rewa, Satna, Panna, Umaria, Katni districts. It is also a rice field and the soil found here is medium black and mixed red and the average rainfall is 100 cm. 140 cm is .

(4) Vindhya mountain region - Medium and deep black soil is found in Vindhya mountain region, mainly wheat crop, where the average rainfall is 120-140 cm. is . It is spread in Guna, Bhopal, Vidisha, Damoh, Raisen, Sehore, Ashok Nagar and Sagar districts of the state.

(5) Middle Narmada Valley- The extension of the central Narmada Valley agro-climatic zone is in the districts of Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, Harda, Madhya Pradesh. Deep black soil is found mainly in this wheat producing area and the average rainfall is 120 to 160 cm. is .

(6) Grid area - Brih, Morena, Gwalior, Sheopur and Shivpuri districts of the state are covered under the Grih area having alluvial soil abundance and wheat-sorghum crop area with average rainfall of 80 to 100 cm. is .

(7) Bundelkhand region - The average rainfall of 80-140 cm in the Bundelkhand region with wheat-sorghum crop area. The soil is mixed red and medium black and the major districts covered under it are Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur and Datia.

{8) Satpura Plateau- It extends into Betul and Chhindwara districts of the state. In this area with wheat and sorghum crop area, shallow black soil is found and the rainfall here averages 100-120 cm. is .

(9) Malwa Plateau- The plateau agriculture climate of Malwa is spread in the districts of Neemuch, Mandsaur, Shajapur, Agar Malwa, Dhar, Ujjain, Ratlam, Indore, Dewas, Badwani. The soil here is medium black. The rainfall averages 80 to 120 cm of this area, with cotton sorghum crop area.

(10) Nimar Maiwan- Cotton- This climate region having jowar crop area is spread in East Nimar (Khandwa), Burhanpur and Western Nirmad (Khargone) districts. The average rainfall of this region with medium black soil excess is 80-100 cm. is .

(11) Jhabua Hill Area - It is also a crop area of ​​compass-tides. The soil here is medium black to light black and the average rainfall is 80 to 1 100 cm. is . Expansion of this climate region Jhabua and Alirajpur are in the district. Has been divided into 11 agro-climatic regions. Which have been expanded in different districts of the state based on the soil type, crop area and average of rainfall.

The agro-based industries of Madhya Pradesh.

Madhya Pradesh is one of the four industrialized states of the country, an exceptionally rich natural resource and also rich in manpower. Apart from being an agricultural state, it is also a state rich in forest wealth and mineral wealth, and industries have been established on the basis of these immense natural wealth. Although several industrial units and mineral and forest wealth have been snatched from the state due to the separation of Chhattisgarh, despite this Madhya Pradesh has managed to strengthen its industrial position, thanks to the untiring efforts made by the state government.

Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of Soybean, Gram, Onion and pulses second largest producer of wheat and green peas. Madhya Pradesh is an agrarian state whose economy is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. Indirectly, the raw material produced in agriculture is used for the operation of industries and industries are important pillars of the economy of the state. In this way, many industries have been established in Madhya Pradesh on the basis of agricultural crops like cotton, sugarcane, soybean, oilseeds, pulses, etc., the details of which are as follows:

1 cotton textile industry - Madhya Pradesh in terms of cotton textile production Ranked third in the country. M.P. Cotton is cultivated in the rivers of Wardha and Poorna. The state focuses on cotton textiles. Indore is the largest center of cotton textile industry. Ujjain, Gwalior, Mandsaur etc. are other major centers. Chanderi and maheshwari are different types of sarees manufactured only in mp.

2 Sugar Industry - MP Many sugar mills have been set up in the western part of the sugar industry in the western part of which - Dabra Sugar Mills Ltd. (Dabra), Bhopal Sugar Mills (Sehore), Jivaji Rao Sugar Company Ltd. (Daloda), Javra Sugar Mills (Javra), Govinddas Sugar Mills (Mahidpur Road), Sarangpur, Allot Mill etc. have been found.

3 Vanaspati Ghee - There are factories of Banaspati Ghee in Ganjbasoda, Jabalpur, Khandwa, Gwalior and Indore in the state.

4 Artificial fiber fabric industry - The factory for making fabrics with artificial fibers is in Valier, Nagda, Ujjain, Indore, Dewas etc.

5 Soybean Oil Industry - Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of soybean in the country. Elevant extract plants have been installed in the state to extract oil from soybean. For this purpose, one factory each has been opened on the basis of cooperative in Ujjain and Barwah. Factories have also been established in Ujjain to make milk, cottage cheese, big from soybean.

6 Jute Industry - Jute makes ropes, twine and other items. There are two small factories in the state which are Satna and Amalai (G. Shahdol).

are situated.

7. Wheat Floor Industry- Madhya  Pradesh produces a premium quality of wheat called 'Sharbati'.

In conclusion, it can be said that in M.P, there is an agrarian state where many industries have been established on the basis of agricultural products. Here the cotton textile industry and soybean oil industry are all over the country, but due to lack of finance and modern technologies, agriculture is also backward and agriculture based industries too. Therefore, Efforts should be made for development along with upgrading the agriculture of the state, the industries based on it so that their contribution can be increased in the economy of the state.

Various causes of origin of earthquakes and 2001 earthquake of Kutch

Earthquake is made up of two words Earthquake means Earthquake refers to the vibration of the Earth, which is caused by the Earth's endogenous force or external causes. In simple words, we can say that stirring in the crust of the earth is called an earthquake. The root cause of the earthquake is the dissolution of the Earth's equilibrium state. Often earthquakes occur on the basis of weak and disorganized crusts. We can see the reasons for the origin of the earthquake as follows-

(1) Volcanic action- The action of volcano and earthquake is interconnected i.e. earthquake must come with the origin of the volcano. During the volcanic action, the vapor appears from the bottom part of the surface, then a strong vibration is produced on the earth's crust due to which the earthquake Come. This is what caused the 1968 earthquake in Sicily Island.

(2) Fault - There is a correlation between the action of various geological movements and earthquakes. The fault occurs on the earth due to tension between rocks. In the case of a tension force, the powers act in two opposite directions. As a result of these actions, vibrations arise in the earth. Mountains are formed by this process, in this process we can experience earthquakes. E.g. Earthquake in the Himalayas, Alps, Rocky.

(3) Dislocation in the ground balance- Normal state is usually found on the ground plane. When a long-term imbalance in the state of land equilibrium arises, earthquakes arise as a result. For example, debris is deposited in the seabed by forces of erosion in the ground areas. Continuous deposition of debris in marine areas

In that area, there is chaos in the balance of land and earthquakes occur.

(4) In the aquifer-water storage areas, the under rocks are changed due to excessive load, the pressure is suddenly increased by man-made reservoirs and dams, which causes earthquakes. E.g. Koyna earthquake of India of 1967.

5) Plate tectonics - Seismic events usually occur with the help of constructive, destructive, and protective plate views when the destructive plate collides, in which case the heavy plate under a low-density plate is deposited, but the heavy plate is repeatedly its Attempts to get into the state, causing an earthquake. Of protective plate

This results in the formation of conversion holes, which cause earthquakes.

Other causes of earthquake generation are the spread of gases, meteorites, earth movements, testing of atomic bombs, and the construction of dam projects.

Kutch earthquake 2001- In India, on 26 January 2001, an earthquake struck a large area, killing many thousands of people. The intensity of this earthquake was 7.6 to 7.7. About 700 km from the impact of this earthquake. The area of ​​UP was affected and lakhs of people in about 21 districts were rendered homeless. India was celebrating its 52nd Republic Day on the same day as  In Gujarat The large impact of the earthquake was seen in the Kutch region. According to official figures, 12,000 people died in Kutch and Bhuj.

The earthquake of Kutch was very impressive and it also affected a large area of ​​Pakistan. Gujarat earthquake of 2001 is also known as the Bhuj earthquake. The Prime Minister of India was Atal Bihari Vajpayee during this earthquake.

The tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh and their problems.

Madhya Pradesh is the state with the highest tribal population in the country. Tribal areas are divided into three parts for the purpose of territorial distribution and systematic study. These tribal areas are-

(A) Eastern Tribal Territories - The tribes live in this region up to 14-15% of the state's population. The tribal districts in this part are Sidhi, Shahdol, Anuppur, Umaria and Katni etc.
The tribes of this region have a relatively high percentage of education. The major tribes of this region are:
1 Kol Tribe- This is the main tribe of this region, which is found around the plateau of Rewa. Their subcastes are Gohia, Rautela etc.
2 Oraon - is a tribe of Shahdol and Anuppur.
3 Kanwar - Sidhi and Shahdol
4 Birhor-Sidhi and Singrauli region.

B) The Central Tribal Region inhabits 24% of the total tribal population. In which the districts of Betul, Harda, Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, Mandla, Hindouri etc. are included. The two major Gand Ajatis are Rajgoud and Dhur Gound. The following tribes are found here-
1 Gound - This is the most prominent tribe in the region and the largest in India and the second largest tribe in the state, which is mainly inhabited in the Narmada Valley.
2 Baiga- This is a special backward tribe of the state. Its progenies Narolia, Marotiya, Bhartia, Nahar, Raimena, Kathmaina etc. Banga are mainly found in Shahdol, Umaria, Anuppur Mandla, Dindori etc.
Are those who do transferred agriculture.
3 Korku- They reside in Hoshangabad, Harda, Chhindwara.
4 Bhariya - Bharia M.P. of Patalkot (Chhindwara) Tamian Hills Is a special backward tribe.
(C) Western Tribal Area - One-third of the population of the state resides in the Western tribal region. Here the districts of Dhar, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Barwani, Khandwa, etc. and north and northwest region
The Sahariya tribe is also included. The major tribes are-
1 Bhil-Bhil is the main tribe of this region. The Bhils are the largest tribe in the state, residing mainly in the districts of Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, Barwani, etc. Bhilala is a subcaste of the Bhil tribe
Barella, and Pateria. Such Bhils who had converted to Islam were called Tadvi. Wearing arrows is a major tradition of Bhils.
2 Sahariya - This is a special backward tribe of the North West, which resides in the districts of Shivpuri, Guna, Gwalior etc.
M.P. The problems of tribes spread across different regions of the state are also almost same. Poverty under the main tribal problems of the state
Suffering, lack of education, lack of awareness, grappling with the problem of displacement and resettlement, rigidity of government schemes in tribal areas
Non-implementation, economic exploitation, protection of religious beliefs from modern influences, etc. exist many problems, which can be
It is yet to be resolved.

Causes of failure of the Revolt of 1857 and its importance

In the revolution of 1857, all classes of people gave their support for independence, but this revolution failed. Historians give the following reasons for the failure of this revolution-

(1) Flare-up of revolution before the fixed date - Laxmibai, Nanasaheb, Tatya Tope, Azimullah Khan, etc. revolutionaries started a revolution on 31 May

Planned to do. All this on this day freed the prisoners and killed the British officers and killed the British arms and

There was a plan like looting the government exchequer, but at the same time, on March 24, Mangal Pandey started a revolution by taking charge and opposing the fat cartridges. Apart from Bengal, this revolution started in Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur, Allahabad, Banaras, etc. before the scheduled time, which became the main reason for the failure of 1857.

(2) Local form of revolution- Revolution of 1857 was limited to Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, and some other areas. It did not spread throughout the nation. The revolution of 1857 had no effect at all in Sindh, south of Narmada, and other parts of the country. At the same time many native kings revolutionaries

Supported, but some native kings and princely states provided protection to the British administration, due to which the revolution of 1857 was seen as a failure.

(3) Lack of effective leader among the revolutionaries - One reason for Kanti's failure of 1857 was that it lacked a skilled commander. Although all of them were courageous and tolerant, all these could not be gathered properly, many people were not providing the leadership of revolution to a brave revolutionary like Lakshmibai just because she was a woman. The failure of this revolution was behind the lack of a successful leaders and mutual split. If the leader had unitedly opposed the British and this revolution would have been patronized by a successful leader, it would surely have been successful.

4) Lack of a definite target - In the revolution of 1857 all revolutionaries had different motives behind the revolution such as Begum Hazrat Mahal remained a rebel of the British due to the incorporation of Awadh into the company government. There itself

Kunwar Singh was not happy with the behavior of the British government. The same Nana Saheb went against the British for not getting pension. All of them did not have a common or common purpose, but they all wanted to expel the British from India. If all the native kings had a revolution against the British with a definite purpose, then it would surely succeed.

(5) Lack of resources - The main reason for the failure of the revolution of 1857 was the lack of modern means for the Indian. Like - revolutionaries

Had old arms, while the British soldiers had modern weapons, the revolutionaries had no means of sending messages and were well versed in the British communication system. At the same time, it was not possible to recruit new soldiers due to lack of funds with Indians. All these reasons became the main reason for the failure of the 1857 revolution.

(6) Canning's generosity - The Government of India Act was passed by the British in 1857. Meanwhile, after Dalhousie, Canning came to India as Governor-General. He successfully suppressed the revolution. Lord Canning ordered his commander Nicholson to suppress the revolution, that the revolutionaries be hanged, and Lai Canning indifferent sized the revolution in various fields with his oppressive policy.

(7) The general public is indifferent to the revolution - In the revolution of 1857, apart from most soldiers, kings, and few people, the wider public did not participate. Apart from this, farmers and laborers also had a nominal share in the revolution. One reason for this was illiteracy. Due to which the people could not understand the purpose of the revolution. On one hand, the revolutionaries looted the prison, and the thieves and the robbers went out with the soldiers, which caused unrest in the society. People told the revolutionaries instead of the government responsible for all this, which failed the revolution.

(8) Other facts-

 (A) Educated Indians educated in the revolution of 1857

Did not participate. Rather they stayed away from this revolution.

(B) The British prepared their friendly newly educated class and implemented the bicameral education system in Indian education. So that these people can help in running the British Government.

(C) The soldiers of all the cantonments did not join the revolution of 1857, the southern and western soldiers remained relatively far away. Even Punjab and Gorkha

The soldiers of the regiment supported the government in crushing the rebellion.

(D) Lord Dalhousie soon adopted a repressive policy.

Importance of the 1857 revolution

Although the revolution of 1857 could not be fully successful, it had many far-reaching effects, which made its importance clear. In short, its importance can be seen as follows.

 The end of the rule of the East India Company - The British Parliament passed a law in 1858. Accordingly, the rule of the East India Company in India was ended.

. Empress's control over the rule of India As per the law passed in 1858 AD, the rule of India went into the hands of the Queen.

 Change of the post of Governor-General - As per the law passed in 1858 AD, the post of Governor-General was changed and he was given the post of Viceroy.

 Reorganization of the British Army was reconstituted. The number of British soldiers was increased. The appointment of Indians to high military posts was stopped, the artillery was completely subordinated to the British. Many such regiments were formed, in which only the British

Nick was hired.

 Development of National Integration - Now the development of national unity among Indians has gained momentum. As a result of this revolution, public awareness of national unity began to spread among Indians.

 Renunciation of British imperial expansionary policy - The British rule abandoned the policy of indiscriminate empire expansion of Indian territories as per the order of Queen Victoria and talk of returning the local kings to their glory and rights.

Said The usurpation was abolished.

 Indian Civil Services Act passed - The Indian Civil Services Act was passed in 1861 so that Indians can be recruited in the District Service of India.

 Development of Hindu-Muslim unity - Hindu-Muslim unity began to develop as a result of this rebellion.

Discuss the socio-economic causes of the French Revolution of 1789.

The French Revolution of 1789 AD was not an accidental event but a result of the changes taking place in France. Many social and economic reasons were responsible for the French Revolution, which is as follows:

Social reasons

Many social causes were also responsible for the revolution of France, the main of which were the following:

1. The basis of society was the privileged class and inequality - here the old feudal system was prevalent. There was an atmosphere of extreme inequality in the whole society. In the words of Remgemeier, "The French Generation of the Revolution of Feudalism - against the anti-social order, class privileges, autocratic rule and bureaucracy, and the principles and principles of equality and right of human beings.

On the basis of human society was the form of realization of the effort of innovation.

2. Rights of the feudatories: The nobles arranged for themselves in their jagirs in the furnace of sharava, flour mills. Milling of grains was done by them only. They had the right to set up a separate mill. Thus the Samanta and the clergy dominated, as they had influence in the court.

3. Load of taxes on the poor- The tax system in France was corrupt. Church officials were completely free from feudalism. People were suffering because the society of France was divided into three classes or divided into unequal classes. The most influential of the clergy was the first class. This class had influence in the financial and justice related fields. They controlled education, were exempt from taxes, the Church used to collect Tith. Similarly, the second class was the elite. The nobility had three classes, the rustic, the aristocratic, the small hawk, and the court nobility. The social level of the nobles differed from the others. They did not pay taxes. The condition of the ordinary class was lamentable

commercial purpose

The faulty economy was a major cause of the French Revolution. According to Professor Hazel "Instead of spending by income, the government determines income according to expenditure." Excess expenditure was spent in luxury and the loan taken from abroad to fulfill the treasury was 2.5 crores per annum. The tax system was also very faulty and on the one hand the privileged class

Exempted from tax, the burden of tax was excessive on the poor. The salt tax called "Gabil" created public outrage, which resulted in

It took place as a revolution. French economist Necker printed a description of the economic situation before his removal from office, causing public dissatisfaction. Thus the faulty economy made the revolution in France inevitable. In brief the main economic reasons were the following.

1. Defective Meaning The partition of France was based on inequality from a post-economic point of view. The rich section of the state was rich in many economic privileges and was the owner of more than half of the French land. He did not have to pay taxes. On the other hand B0 percent was poor rural people who got 80 percent of their income as insulting and contemptuous

Under the circumstances, the state, the church and the feudatories had to be given.

2. Deformed Governance System - The tax system of the state was highly distorted and unjust, contracts were given to collect tax in France. Due to this practice, the contractors used to persecute the subjects. The state used to get half of the money recovered. Thus, there was no special benefit to the state. The money recovered by the poor people used to go in the pocket of the oppressors.

3. State of business- At this time the business was not in advanced stage. Trading systems, measurement and weighing system, currency system of different parts of France

The taxing rate varied. There was no special benefit to the state.

4. Debt burden - National debt was increasing day by day due to severe wastage. The state had no budget. The treasury was lying vacant, loans were always taken. Thus, the economic condition of France was devastated. The situation was that it became difficult to repay the loan interest. Louis 16th made some efforts in this direction, but the nobles made a huge mistake by not obeying him. The National Assembly abolished the privileges on arrival and the Jagirdars had to retaliate the public anger by giving their blood.

Throw light on the literary contributions of Jagnik.

Jagnik was born in a Bhatt Bhraman family, his full name was Jagnik Bhatta. He was the prime feudal of King Parmal. Jagnik has an important place in the poets of the Veeragatha period of folk literature. His time was believed to be between the 11th and 12th centuries. Jagnik was a court poet of King Parmar Chandel of Kalinjar and was a contemporary of Adi poet Chandbardayi of Hindi. Jagnik composed "Parmar Raso" and "Allhakhand". Although this poetry was not available in writing, it continued to be popular by surviving oral traditions.

Jagnik wrote Alhakhand which is popularly known as Alha."Alhakhand" belongs to the dynasty of Mahoba in which there is a story of 2 feudatories named Alha and Udal. The king himself was Bhiru and infirm, but his wife Malhna joined the war with the help of these heroes. At the end of the book, there is a compassionate scene All the heroes are killed and the queens become sati.

52 war in Alhakhand are described in the Ojami style. From this point of view, it is the longest folk tale in the world full of gallantry and makeup.

Some of the poems of this poet are as follows-

Live twelve years of poultry, live thirteen live jackals, live eighteen years canopy, damn life ahead. In this way, these compositions have become the heritage of public life, not the work of Jagnik.

Also see Cement Industries In Madhya Pradesh

World Heritage Sites of Madhya Pradesh, India

Madhya Pradesh, the heartland of India, is a prosperous state in terms of historical religious and natural tourist destinations. Three sites of the state are listed in the World Heritage List, while one is proposed. The World Heritage Sites of Madhya Pradesh are as follows-

(1) Khajuraho- The temples of Khajuraho located in Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh were built by the Chandela kings between 950-1050 AD. Initially their number of (temples) was 85, which is currently 25. Here forever The temples related to Vaishnavism and Jainism have been built with sandstone. Kandaria Mahadev Temple, 64 Yogini Temple, Chaturbhuj Temple and Parvarnath Temple etc. are prominent. It was included in the World Heritage List in 1986.

(2)Sanchi Stupa-Raisen district of Sanchi, Sanchi was formerly known as Buddhist Shreep Parvat. There are three stupas which were constructed by Emperor Ashoka and the railings around were built by Shringa rulers. The Buddhist University was established here in the year 2012. It was included in the World Heritage List in the year 1989.

(3) Bhimbetka- Bhimbetka, located in Abdullaganj tehsil of Raisen district, was discovered in 1957 by archaeologist Vishnu Wakankar. More than 500 caves of Neolithic age have been found here. It was included in the World Heritage List in 2003.

The social and educational contributions of Ramkrishna Mission

Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda on 1 May 1897 at a place called Belur in Bengal. The purpose of the establishment of the mission was to do social welfare works including providing health services, helping people in times of disaster like plague epidemic, upliftment of villagers and tribals, etc.

Apart from the above social welfare works, Ramakrishna Mission has made a special contribution in the field of education. Many branches of the Ramakrishna Mission are working in the entire country, especially in women education.

Many schools are being run by Universities, colleges, technical training centers are also being operated by the mission.

Five years after the founding of the Ramakrishna Mission (July 4, 1902), Swami Vivekananda died, but in pursuance of his statement "Get up, wake up and do not stop until the goal is achieved", his followers social and The academic work continued uninterrupted which is also currently relevant.

Who was Kunwar Singh?

Kunwar Singh was one of the leading leaders of the first freedom struggle of 1857. Kunwar Singh was a zamindar of a place called Jagdishpur in Bihar by whom British policies had brought the situation to bankruptcy. Hence, they were opposed to British rule. Kunwar Singh himself did not formulate any plan, but as soon as the squad of rebel soldiers reached Ara from Dimapur, Kunwar Singh joined them, and even at the age of seventy, he provided efficient leadership to the soldiers. Kuwar Singh continued to struggle with the British for almost 1 year. Despite his ripe age, he appeared quite agile and did not let the British know where he was until the end. He was martyred on 9 May 1858, but in the Indian history, he attained immortality forever.

What is 'economic drain' and its causes,

The economic exploitation was characteristic of British policy, sending India's wealth and resources to Britain and not receiving sufficient physical or economic benefits for India. Between 1870 and 1905, Indian intellectuals analyzed the policies of the British government and exposed India's "economic exploitation". Dadabhai Naoroji, R.K. C. Dutt and Govind Ranade are the main ones. The economic exploitation of India began in 1757 from Bengal. Out of 1758, between 1765 and 6 million pounds of property was sent to Britain. After 1765 civil rights, the company started exporting by purchasing Indian goods only from the revenue of Bengal. Thus by the end of the 18th century, about 9 per cent of the Indian national income received was being sent to Britain. This type of economic exploitation was also accepted by the British authorities. For example, John Sullivan, the chairman of the Madras Board of Revenue, remarked - "Our system acts like a sponge, which absorbs resources from the Ganges coast to the Thames coast."

The main reason for the economic exploitation was the foreign character of the British. All the foreign invaders of the British festival settled in India and they made India their country. But on the contrary, the British always remained foreigners, their main goal being to collect official wealth and return to Britain.

Had to go. One of the goals of the British towards economic exploitation was also to take the knowledge of India abroad outside India. Dada Bhai Naoroji's wealth

The foundation of the principle of expulsion was laid at the point of this economic exploitation.

The public welfare activities of Firozshah Tughluq.

Ferozeshah Tughlaq (1351-1388) tried to satisfy the public with his public welfare policies, the Kadvi legacy received from Mohammad Tughlaq.

Following are the public welfare works of Ferozeshah

(1) For the sake of economic-financial reform, he abolished 24 types of taxes and applied only four types of taxes jiziya, zakat, khamj, khirat.

(2) He took 1/3 to 1/5 of the land revenue survey conducted which was 6 crore 85 lakhs taka annual.

(3) Ferozeshah Tughlaq planted 1200 fruit orchards, built five big, canals. Yamuna canal is one of these canals.

(4) Ferozeshah established the "Diwan-e-Dastahar" for "Diwan-e-Khairat" pension for poor and orphans.

(5) Ferozeshah established a free hospital called "Darulshafa" for the poor.

(6) Ferozeshah established about 300 cities like Ferozepur, Ferozabad and Hisar Feroz etc.

(7) Ferozeshah translated many (about 1300) Sanskrit texts into Arabic, Persian to understand the ancient Indian culture.

Due to this kind of public welfare work of Ferozeshah, Henry Elliot has called him "Akbar of the Sultanate period".

The political conditions of Northern India during sixth century.

We can see the 6th-century political system as follows. 6th century BC There were 16 Mahajanapadas in which two types of the political situation are seen -

(1) Monarchical,

 (2) republican

Under the monarchical system, different types of monarchy callings are found, according to the texts, there was mention of five types of kingdoms, food, self-rule, quietness, and state.

Was different. The rulers of Magadha and Kalinga were called emperors and they were crowned for the coronation empire. The kings of the south were called bhojas

While the king of the western region was called Swarajya. Under the monarchical system, the king wore large titles. There was a council of ministers to assist the king and the king used to perform big sacrifices to increase his power.

The republican political system was different from the monarchy in which the power was shared on a level of equality among all the members. Under the republican system, the king held large titles, all the members gathered in big institutions and talked collectively. It was kept in front of everyone, a president was elected to conduct operations like today and a secret ballot was held. The system of the judicial system was good under the republican system. There is a discussion of seven hierarchical courts in the death penalty case.

In both the political systems, many parts were divided from state to village so that the political system could be run.

The status of India's public debt after 1991 economic reforms.

Since independence, the year 1991 proved to be a milestone in India's economic history. Earlier, the country was in a severe economic crisis

It was passing and this crisis forced the policymakers of India to implement the new economic policy. Crisis arose

This situation prompted the government to formulate policies aimed at bringing price stabilization and structural reforms.

The policies were intended to correct weaknesses, thereby correcting the fiscal deficit and the inverse balance of payments. Structural reforms

Had removed the rigid rules, due to which reforms were also implemented in various sectors of the Indian economy, and these policies

The result is that today India could also help a world-class institution like the International Monetary Fund.

Main objectives of the new economic policy of 1991

The main reason behind the inauguration of new economic policy by the then Union Finance Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in 1991

The objective is as follows.

I. Along with ushering the Indian economy into the arena of 'globalization', it had to be tailored to market trends.

II, bring down the rate of inflation and remove the payment imbalance.

III. Increase economic growth rate and create adequate foreign exchange reserves.

IV. Along with achieving economic stabilization, all kinds of unnecessary restrictions had to be shifted to a market-friendly economy.

V. Removal of restrictions was to allow the international flow of goods, services, capital, human resources, and technology.

VI. The involvement of private companies in all sectors of the economy was to be increased. That is why the number of areas reserved for the government has been reduced to 3.

 At the beginning of mid-1991, the Government of India made some radical changes in its policies to make trade, foreign investment, exchange rate, industry, fiscal system, etc. effective so as to speed up the edge of the economy.

The main objective of the new economic policy was to improve productivity and efficiency as well as to create a more competitive environment for the economy. The rate of interest of all commercial banks under the same liberalization policy

Will be free to determine. They will not have any obligation to follow the rates of interest fixed by the Reserve Bank of India as provisions have also been made.

The Flag Satyagraha Movement of Madhya Pradesh

                                          JHANDA SATYAGRAH OF MADHYA PRADESH

Flag Satyagraha was a peaceful civil disobedience movement of the freedom struggle of India in which people were hoisting flags everywhere under their right to hoist the national flag. This movement took place mainly in 1923 in Nagpur, but in other places of India, there were movements at different times.

The center of MP Flag satyagraha was Jabalpur. Jhanda Satyagraha in March (1923), the local authorities had started a tussle over the flag hoisting of the tricolor in Jabalpur. It was a time of political examination for the local leadership. The tussle started when the Congress members flagged the municipal building on 8 March 1923.

On making waves, the European Deputy Commissioner got angry and ordered to take down the flag. As a result, the flag movement started. The Satyagrahis were prosecuted, with imprisonment for a month. Later, the center of the flag satyagraha became Nagpur, then a team led by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan and her husband Lakshman Singh was sent to Nagpur. Soon the movement took on an all-India form. On 18 August 1923, the British authorities gave permission to take out a procession of hundred volunteers. The leadership of this procession was led by Makhanlal Chaturvedi, Vallabhbhai Patel, Babu Rajendra Prasad. The movement ended after Sunderlal bowed down and thus achieved his goal. It was a politically important organization. In the same year, Lala Lajpat Rai traveled to many places of the state including Sagar to give impetus to the freedom struggle.

Birsa Munda Jayanti 15th November Birsa Munda Movement

Birsa Munda Jayanti

The famous revolutionary tribal hero Birsa Munda was born on 15 November 1875 in Munda of Chota Nagpur region. Tribal youths of Chota Nagpur region under his leadership from 1894 protested against the British for lagaan (tax) waiver. By the year 1900, he confronted the British several times and went to jail. He died in the year 1900 by being poisoned in prison. During epidemic and disasters Birsa Munda served, trained and made tribal people aware. That's why today in the tribal areas of Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal, Birsa Munda is worshipped like God. 

What is Birsa Munda Movement? 

British policies negatively affected almost all sections of the Indian public. Which included the tribal class as well. The revolt of the Munda tribals took place between 1899-1900, which was led by Birsa Munda. There was a trend of mass farming among the Munda tribesmen, which got hurt due to British policies. Virsa was born in 1874 into a family with sharecropping. In 1895 Birsa declared himself the messenger of God. Thousands of tribals started coming to see him and sleep. Soon this religious movement became a political movement of agricultural laborers. Birsa wandered from village to village and worked to arm the tribals and in 1899 a revolt was announced to establish the rule. Plans were made to attack contractors, jagirdars and moneylenders as well as instructed not to raise their hands on poor non-tribals. About 6 thousand Mundas came with Birsa, armed with arrows and swords, axes. Birsa was arrested in early February 1900 and died in prison in June 1900. Thus the Munda Rebellion was crushed, but Birsa became immortal. Birsa Munda as a gross tribal general of India

Discuss the nature and significance of Din-i-Elahi.

Along with being an imperialist ruler, Akbar was also striving for the prosperity and peace of his empire.  The "Din-i-Ilahi" vote by him in 1582 AD is an example of his coordinating religious policy.  The priest of "Deen-e-Ilahi" was 'Abul-Fazl', whoever wanted to become a member of it, would go on Sunday and put his turban in the foot of the emperor and the emperor would give him a scholar on which "Allah-o-Akbar"  It is written that he would have become a member of Deen-e-Ilahi. A member of Deen-e-Ilahi used to be in his lifetime. Child marriage was forbidden. It was compulsory to observe 10 virtues. From yoke and alcohol  Had to stay away. The emperor had to be ready to emit his property honor. Din-e-Ilahi was not a new religion but a religious path based on the common truth of all religions.  The literal meaning of Din-i-Ilahi is "the religion of worship of one God".  Its aim was to create unity among Indians and to feast on the dead.

 Thus, Akbar's greatness lies not in his victories but his religious tolerance mainly lies in 'Din-i-Ilahi'.  Din-e-Ilahi was such a product that came to Akbar's mind which was the essence of all religions.  Under the influence of Deen-e-Elahi religion, a person was oriented towards virtue, discipline and his duties, where on the one hand is called the era of the prevailing maladies in the medieval period, on the other hand, the Deen-e-Elahi religion practiced by Akbar.  Gave new ideas in person.

The background behind the rise of Buddhism in India.

Buddhism not only spread in India with great intensity but also spread in many countries of the world. Buddhism spread to countries like Sri Lanka, Japan, Java, Sumatra etc. Since the time of Mahatma Buddha, Buddhism has been steadily propagated and its propagation had reasons for religious, social, economic and kings, the details of which can be seen below.

Social reasons - The post-Vedic period was a period of decline from the point of view of society where on the one hand the varna system (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras) emerged in the society due to which there was a decline in the status of the Shudras and untouchability, untouchability towards the Shudras in the society. The practices included the Shudras did not have the right to education, Upanayana, and the right to Yagyas.

Apart from these circumstances, the condition of women declined in the later Vedic period. Now women do not have the right to education, upanayana, to see women

In all the Brahmin texts citing the reason women were condemned, Buddhism became popular among these circumstances as a result of the upliftment of women.

Economic Causes - As a result of the Varna system in the post-Vedic period, the economic situation has declined, the people of the higher clans are in the opposite position.

They could adopt the profession of lower caste than themselves, but the lower caste people could not do it under any circumstances, in the meantime Buddhism developed, due to these economic reasons, people were inclined towards this religion.

A brief intro of the Malwa plateau

Malwa plateau was known by the nickname 'Hoon ka Bhandar' in the western part of Madhya Pradesh.  This plateau is made of lava soil. Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, Ratlam, Madasaur, Dhar, Jhabua, Alirajpur comes are in this area. The districts of Bhopal Sehore, Raisen, Vidisha, Guna, Sagar, etc. come.  The area of ​​this plateau covered by rocks of Deccan Trap is 88,222 sq. km.  Chambal, Kshipra, Kalisindh, Parvati, Betba are the main rivers of this region.  Mud and lime dissolved soil was found here. 

The climate of the Malwa plateau is generally equable.

Here in summer, there is neither too much heat nor in winter.  Rain Varies between 75 cm and 125 cm.  

The major forest productions of this region are teak, sal, held, tendupatta, salai Cree wood, etc.

It is a major producer of wheat.  In addition, sugarcane, sorghum, maize, gram, groundnut, soya-bean, cotton, etc. are harvested.

There is almost a lack of minerals in this area.

Agriculture is the main occupation of this region.  

This plateau is rich in industrial terms major industries of this area are artificial fiber factory in Nagda, a cotton textile factory in Ratlam, Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, and Bhopal, Heavy in Bhopal, Electricals is a motor vehicle industry in Pithampur (Dhar) called Detroit of India.  Here the main city of India-Bhopal road, rail.

Here, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of India, the Mahakaleshwar temple is located in Ujjain wherein every 12 years Mahakumbh fair is held.  

Apart from this, Mandu is located in Dhar, the stupa of Sanchi (Raison), built by Ashoka and as World Heritage

 Bhimbethika (Raisen), the center of the integrated prehistoric painting, is the main tourist place here.

Describe the geographical features of Bundelkhand plateau

The Bundelkhand plateau is located in the northwest of the state. This plateau made of granite-wall is in the east of the plateau of Madhya Bharat and It is situated between 24 ° 6 to 26 ° 22 'north latitude and 77 51' to 80 ° 20 'east longitude north of the Rewa-Panna plateau. This belt is Under Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Datia, most of the districts, and some parts of Shivpuri, Panna, Satna, Guna fall.  23,733 sq Rivers Betwa, Dhawan, Cane, Sindh, etc. flow in this plateau area.  The soil of this region is black and red soil is composed of a mixture of which lacks fertility.

Voice, the influence of continental ache on the climate of the Sundalkhanad plateau is clearly unambiguous.  Here the average rain is 75 mm. In this plateau, there are hot dry deciduous forests.  These include teak, Seja, sal, tendu, Khar, Naam, maha

 Trees are found.  The major crops of this region are wheat and jowar.  Apart from this, crops of pulses and oilseeds are also grown here.

 There is a substantial expansion of the practices of irrigation. Especially irrigation is supplied through canals, there is a lack of minerals in this area. Agriculture and animal husbandry is the main occupation in the Bundelkhand plateau, but from the industrial point of view, this plateau is backward. All major cities of Madhya Pradesh are connected by road, some cities also fall on the rail route.  Khajuraho is connected to Delhi by the way. Khajuraho, Orchha, Datia, Chanderi, etc. are among the major tourist places in the region.

It is clear from the above-mentioned characteristics that even though the plateau of Bundelkhand is said to be backward in terms of industrial and mineral production. Bundelkhand is culturally established as the soul of the state. Once upon a time, the political crusade of Chandel and Bundelas was the main empires here. This plateau is the center of tourism due to its world-famous Khajuraho temple. This region, which is surrounded by Range, Narhat Scarp, and Chanderi Pate, is known for its historical and cultural significance.