What is Bio-diversity ?its importance and step for conservation

Biodiversity is the number and diversity of organisms found in a certain geographical area. It is related to types of plants, animals and microbes. His genetics are from the ecosystem he created. It deals with the variability of living organisms found on Earth, variability in the same species and different species, and diversity from different ecosystems. Biodiversity is a livestock wealth that grows after millions of years.

Importance of Biodiversity - Biological diversity is very important for us, because it is very helpful in the development of human culture. On the other hand, humans have contributed a great deal in maintaining natural diversity at genetic, ethnic and ecological levels. Biodiversity has three main roles which are ecological, economic and scientific role.

Is known as

1. Ecological Role of Biodiversity: There are many species in the ecosystem which perform different types of functions. Each organism uses certain objects to fulfill its needs and also returns some substances to meet the needs of other organisms. Organisms and species collect and store energy, produce and decompose organic matter and help maintain the cycle of water and nutrients in the ecosystem.

Additionally, species stabilize atmospheric gas and contribute significantly to climate control.

2. Economic Role of Biodiversity - The economic importance of biodiversity is very high, as it provides many types of resources for economic development. Bio

An important part of diversity is the "diversity of crops", also called agricultural biodiversity. It gives mankind food. Bio

Some important items that humans can get from diversity are food crops, animals, forest resources, fisheries and pharmaceutical resources etc. Due to increasing demand, there is a shortage of these products. Due to which tensions and disputes increase.

3. Scientific Role of Biodiversity - Biodiversity is of great importance for scientific study. This tells us how life started and the future

How life will develop in This shows the contribution of each species to maintain ecosystems. It is our duty to maintain good relations with all species so that each species gets a fair chance to live and grow. We should not do anything that causes a species to become extinct. The high level of biodiversity is a reasonable measure of our sweet relationship with other living species.

Conservation of Biodiversity - Conservation aims to maintain the continuity of development, allowing the natural powers to sustain and develop the species. The need for conservation of biodiversity is because it is necessary for the survival of human life. The life of beings depends so much on each other. That due to crisis on one species the life of other animals

The balance is disturbed. If the intelligence of plants and animals is endangered, then it causes degradation in the environment and ultimately human's own existence may be in danger.

There is a need to educate the masses so that every person is environmentally friendly.

Be able to adopt Christian methods and make our lives coordinated with the lives of other beings. The contribution of local communities is very important for this. At the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in June 1992, India signed a biodiversity agreement with 155 other countries. The National Conservation Plan has outlined the desired government policy and action to protect biological diversity. 'World Conservation Strategy' for conservation of biological diversity

Conservation Strategy) has given the following suggestions:

(i) Efforts should be made to conserve endangered species.

(ii) Proper plans and management are required to protect the species from extinction.

(ii) Varieties of food grains, varieties of fodder plants, timber trees, livestock, varieties of animals and their wild species should be protected.

(iv) Every country should identify wildlife habitat and ensure its safety.

(v) The place of growth and development of the species should be protected and protected.

What is the Rutherford's atomic model

Eminent Rutherford, the famous chemist and physicist, who is considered the father of nuclear physics, in 1911 AD, proposed this atomic model. According to this model

(1) The entire weight and mass charge of an atom is contained in the center of the atom which is called the nucleus of the atom. The nucleus has a diameter of 10 "cm. In this all the protons are present.

(2) Electrons are distributed in spaces around the nucleus. Since the atom is neutral, the number of protons and electrons is the same.

Rutherford bombarded alpha particles on a 100 nm (100 nanometer) thin foil of gold. Photographic plates were placed around the gold foil coated with fluorescent material (ZnS, zinc sulfide). When he showered Alpha Karnes on gold foil, the following results were obtained-

1. Most of the alpha particles escaped from the gold sheet without being deflected.

2. The low fraction of alpha particles is deflected from a very low angle.

3. Very few particles (1 of 20000) returned from the same path ie 180 ° at the angle of superscript text.

Conclusions of Rutherford's atomic model

1. Most of the atom is grit or hollow.

2. Few alpha particles deflected due to repulsion force. This shows that the positively charged part of the atom is found.

3. Rutherford calculated that the volume of the nucleus is negligible compared to the total volume of the atom. The radius of an atom is about 100 and the radius of the nucleus is 10 ".

4. The positive charge and mass of an atom are concentrated in a very small area. Rutherford called it the 'nucleus'.

5. Rutherford stated that the electrons in circular orbits around the nucleus are called orbits. In these orbits, the electrons move very fast. Hence this atomic model is similar to the solar system, in which the Sun is the nucleus and the planets are like moving electrons.

Limitations of Rutherford's Atomic Model

(1) Electrons accelerate continuously towards the center of the nucleus, revolving around the nucleus. According to Lorenz, the fast charged particle must radiate energy continuously. Therefore, while revolving in an atom, the electron must emit energy continuously and thus the radius of its path should decrease. Thus Rutherford's atomic model does not explain the stability of the proof.

(2) If the Rutherford model is true, electrons can revolve in orbits of all possible radii and therefore must emit a continuous energy spectrum. Although atoms give a linear spectrum like hydrogen.

What is 'TRIPS' agreement ?

Trips (trade related Intellectual Property Rights) is an international treaty governed by the World Trade Organization, which sets minimum standards for intellectual property rights. In 1994 it was fixed at the end of the eighth cycle of the GATT (Uruguayan cycle). It is one of the many agreements reached during the time of the World Trade Organization.

TRIPS discusses seven types of intellectual property rights -

1. The right to obtain and relate copy (corpite and related right

2. Trade Mark

3., geographical presentation

4. Industrial Design

5. Paint

6. Integrated Circuit Design

7. Protection of unpublished information

Intellectual property rights are the product of human mind. The countries of the world have been protecting their laws for centuries by making their own laws. In 1995, the World Trade Organization was formed. TRIPS is an agreement of this organization. All the countries that are members of the World Trade Organization have to obey it and make their laws accordingly. Actually TRIPS, W, T.O. Obliges member states to comply with intellectual property rights, including in India. That is why India has revised the laws related to intellectual property rights. To make this amendment, different countries have different time

Is the limit. This border of India was 31 December 2004. According to the Government of India, either laws have been made or the law has been changed.

The purpose of the TRIPS Agreement is to encourage fair trade, keeping in mind the various standards worldwide for the protection and implementation of intellectual property rights in the fields of copyright, trademark, trade secret, industrial design, integrated circuits, geographical indications and patents. The TRIPS Agreement approves the establishment of a Council that can facilitate the smooth operation of the Agreement and the policies of the Member States in conformity with the Agreement. Developed countries, developing countries and underdeveloped countries have been given transition periods of 1, 5 and 11 years respectively for the implementation of the agreement. Countries that certain areas

While not granting product patents, they are allowed to postpone product patent provisions for 5 additional years. Nevertheless, these countries had 1 January, 1995.

The terms of the TRIPS agreement to grant exclusive marketing rights for products that have been granted patents will be valid not only for the present but also for new intellectual property rights.

The efforts made by India for the environmental protection

The Indian Constitution, which was enacted in 1950, was not directly linked to the provisions of environmental protection. The 1972 Stockholm Conference drew the attention of the Indian government towards environmental protection. The Government amended the Constitution in 1976 to add two important Articles 48A and 51A (G). Article 48A directs the State Government to prtotect the forests and wildlife. Article 51A (G) provides duty to citizens to 'protect and promote the natural environment and be kind to all living beings. After Independence, due to increasing industrialization, urbanization and population growth, the environment

Continued decrease. In the context of effective control and pollution in this lack of quality of environment, the government has made several laws and rules from time to time. The main steps which were taken by the indian government are as follows-

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Water Cess (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1977

Environment Protection Act. 1986,

Factories Act, 1948,

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,

Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951,

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972,

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,

Biodiversity Act, 2002, etc.

The above laws related to environment in India were created at a time when environmental pollution was not so widespread in the country. Hence, most of these laws have lost their utility, but still some laws and rules are making their important contribution in environmental protection. India took an initiative and set an example that you can also progress your country by harmonizing with the environment.

What is remote sensing technology and how does it work ?

Remote sensing is a method by which information related to the Earth's surface is collected and recorded. The method used in this is not directly related to surface movements. Remote sensing techniques include photography infrared imagery and radars of aircraft, satellites and spacecraft. Aircraft and satellites are its two main planes, but in the current scientific perspective, it means taking a picture of a terrain of the Earth from a platform in the sky (eg airplanes, satellites or balloons). It is such an advanced mode through which the study of the earth's surface forms and resources without any physical contact at the height is studied by scientific method.

goes. The technique of remote sensing is mainly divided into two types, active and passive, depending on the nature of the sensor. mostly

Sun active sensors by passive sensors are those that generate electromagnetic radiation by themselves and

Throwing saws of the earth and recording reflected rays. Aerial photographs and satellite images are the two major products of remote sensing.

The reflective light of remote sensing which is being used in many other works from scientific studies is used. Organizing and monitoring all the functions of remote sensing

is. Remote Sensing Center in India is operated by Hyderabad, an agency working under the Department of Space, Ministry of Science, Government of India. The use of this technique can be achieved quickly with surface phenomena. With the technology of telemedicine, it has become very easy to evaluate the regional expansion and impact of the events and changes happening on the environment and the ground. With its use, it is possible to get information about spatial and temporal changes. This way. It is possible to assess the nature of nature and its effects accurately. In the last four decades, it has become a major tool of information collection on almost every aspect of the Earth and has become an indispensable tool for compilation of geographical information. Also, a large area can be measured in a very short time. By using these techniques, the state of any natural resource, the sensing method can be easily understood about the quantity and its variation. Thus it can be said that remote sensing satellites provide the required data for the implementation of various projects. Images obtained from remote sensing satellites give information about our natural resources and their relatedness. This situation has changed considerably since the invention of satellite-based remote sensing in the last century. It has now become an indispensable tool for compiling geographic information. In the last nearly 20 years, remote sensing satellites of various capacities have been installed in space, thereby continuously receiving remote sensing data.

Huh. In recent years, with the availability of extremely high spatial resolution satellites, its use has increased manifold. Remote sensing in India has been used for various uses during the last four decades and has contributed significantly to the development.

Purpose of CSIR in the field of scientific research and development

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is India's largest research and development institute on science and technology. The 'Council of Scientific and Industrial Research' (CSIR) was established in the year 1942. It has 39 laboratories and 50 field stations spread across India. More than seventeen thousand

Employees work. Although it is financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, it is still an autonomous body. It is registered under the Indian Society Registration Section 1860. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research is a multi-locational network of national laboratories / institutes whose mandate is to initiate research and development projects with emphasis on applied research and utilization of its results in various fields of science and technology. There are currently 39 research institutes including five regional research laboratories.

Its main objectives are:

Converting / developing Nistads' technical knowledge into usable and IP products and providing services to customers.

Packing with cost and price for commercialization of IP products.

To create a consultative platform for socio-economic change in science, technology and renewal / activities so that CSIR- in Interdisciplinary Science and Technology and Society (STS) studies

Products and services can be provided to customers based on the ability of NISTADS. Interdisciplinary Science and Technology and Society (STSR studies require the following to provide products and services to customers based on the capability of CSIR-NISTADS

(i) Evaluation and planning of science and technology application

(ii) Socio-economic studies of science and technology.

(fi) Science and Technology Socio Economic Studies

(iv) Renovation and research of discovered frontiers of science and technology

(v) Analysis of lifestyle

(vi) analysis of scalability

Market detection through initial testing of products to provide products and services to customers based on the capability of CSIR-NISTADS in Interdisciplinary Science and Technology and Society (STS) studies.

The main objective of this council is to make such scientific industrial research and development available so that the people of India are given maximum economic,

There are environmental and social benefits. "

What is Bluetooth technology?

Bluetooth is a protocol for wireless (wireless) communication. Devices such as mobile phones, laptops, computers, printers, digital (digital) cameras, and video games can exchange information by connecting to each other through it. Devices use radio waves to connect. Bluetooth was originally developed to reduce the number of cables (cables) connecting computers to other devices. Bluetooth can be used only for a relatively short distance, even just a few meters.

Bluetooth is a technique for establishing wireless connections between two electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, laptop digital cameras, printers, etc. That is, it is a wireless technology that connects various electronic devices without a wire, that is, without the Internet, the data is transferred from one device to another using short-wavelength radio transmission or waves. Through this, the devices are an English translation of the word interconnect or the Swedish word blatand. The name Bluetooth is derived from the 10th-century Danish king Harald Bluetooth. According to the inventors of Bluetooth technology, Harald called diplomacy a move under which the warring parties or parties began to compromise with each other and this process led to the Bluetooth with the name of this technology

Under which different types of equipment or tips can be exchanged. Basically other than a computer

The devices were developed to reduce the number of wires connecting them. Bluetooth is considered a secure way of transacting information. There are several standards for Bluetooth and data transmission rates vary. It currently stands at 1- 3MBit per second. Bluetooth applications are typically used to connect a headset to a mobile phone or a computer mouse, keyboard, or printer (printer) to a computer. Bluetooth can also be connected. Bluetooth provides a way to connect electronic devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, personal computers, printers, digital cameras, and video game consoles, etc. and share information. This is actually basically a networking standard,

Which works on two levels:

1. In the first level, it provides a consent agreement on a physical basis.

2. In the second level, it also grants consent on the basis of protocol. In the second level, devices or products have to agree on when bits are dispatched? How many bits will be sent at a time and how can different parties ensure that the message received is the one that is sent during the exchange of information

has gone.

The biggest feature of Bluetooth technology is that it is wireless, inexpensive, and automated technology. Other techniques can also be used in this context. These techniques also include an infrared communication

Is included. Although infrared communication devices are reliable to a great extent and do not cost too much, they do have certain drawbacks. These drawbacks are:

1. Infrared is a line of off-site technology. For example, we take the television or DVD player remote. To play or turn off the television or DVD player, we need to point the remote to the same point as the television or DVD player.

2. Infrared is a one-to-one technology. For example, you can send data between your desktop computer and laptop computer, but you cannot send data between a laptop, computer, and personal digital assistant (PDA) at a time.

What is DNA Finger-printing ?

Variations in the basic genetic material (DNA) of different individuals or organisms can be observed with the help of DNA fingerprinting technology. DNA of members of species of different organisms. a. Formats vary. This is the reason why the fingerprint of the other person does not match in any person of the population except identical twins. One person differs from another due to DNA. Fingerprinting of DNA identifies areas in the DNA that indicate any amount of variation from one person to another.

The same type of DNA images are obtained from all the cells of a person's body, whether they are from blood or skin or from sperm or hair, these strip images are called DNA fingerprints. DNA fingerprinting was first developed by Alec Geoffrey in 1984

The usefulness of DNA finger-printing has proved to be important in many areas and has been a boon for resolving court disputes. Disputed parenthood can be described by this. The culprits can be identified. To find out the biological father of a disputed child, a sample of the DNA of the child, mother, and possible father is taken. The child's DNA bands should show similarity with their biological parents. Similarly, it is also useful in identifying the culprit. Comparison of DNA, hair, blood or sperm of a person with suspicion

It is done with the received symbols. And the culprit can be captured only by DNA fingerprinting.

How Skill Development, 2015 can tackle the problem of unemployment

Unemployment refers to the situation in which a laborer is qualified and ready to work, but does not get employment. In other words, unemployment is a situation where a person fails to find work despite being able and ready to work, which provides him work or livelihood.

The ratio of the number of unemployed persons to the total workforce is unemployment.

Reasons for unemployment- The problem of unemployment in India has taken a shocking situation since independence. There are many such components.

Those who have a major role in increasing unemployment, some of the factors are described as follows-

1. High Population Growth Rate - The country's rapid growth over the past few decades. The increasing population has rapidly (furiously) compounded the problem of unemployment. Due to the rapidly increasing population of the country, each

There has been an increase in the magnitude of unemployment during the Plan period, which created a terrible (dangerous) situation. The growth rate of population has been higher than India's economic growth. Like this

Despite economic growth, the problem of unemployment has increased horribly.

2. Inadequate rate of economic development - Although India is a developing country, the growth rate is insufficient to absorb (consume) the entire labor force of the country. Employment opportunities are insufficient to accommodate the country's additional labor force, resulting in a rapid increase in the country's population.

3. Lack of employment opportunities in activities other than agriculture - Agricultural sectors have played a major role in providing employment compared to other areas of the country. The main reason for rural unemployment is the low agricultural growth rate, as about 2/3 of the population is engaged in agricultural work due to which the pressure of population on the land is high. Therefore, a part of the labor force suffers from hidden unemployment.

4. Seasonal Employment - Agriculture provides seasonal employment in India. Therefore, when the agricultural work is not done then the people associated with agriculture become unemployed.

5. Joint family system- Joint family covert in India promotes unemployment. Generally, family members engage in family business in family farms. In these economic activities

Excessive family members are implicit (attached).

6. Increasing number of graduates from Indian universities - from Indian universities during the last decade. The increase in the number of graduates has increased educational unemployment. In the Indian educational system, more emphasis is being placed in technical and engineer (engineering) fields than in art subjects, but unemployment is prevalent among technical graduates.

7. Slow growth of industries - Industrialization in the country is not fast and employment opportunities for industrial workers are few. Industrial Area

Excess agriculture is not able to accommodate (labor) labor, which promotes hidden unemployment in the agricultural sector.

8. Inappropriate techniques - One of the main reasons of unemployment in urban industrial sectors is the use of inappropriate technologies. Instead of using the labor power available in the country as per the requirement, the optimum use of capital-intensive technique, which minimizes the use of labor. Use of this type of technology is unsuitable for India, which is unemployment rather than accommodating more labor force

Promotes

In the light of the above reasons, it can be said that one of the main reasons of India's poverty is unemployment spread in the country. This is a major problem of the country, which is equally prevalent in cities and villages. this one

There is a socio-economic problem, which is the result of the modern era. It has taken a very serious form in our country. Due to this, peace and order in the country has been threatened. Therefore, this problem needs immediate diagnosis.

Measures to correct unemployment

As a long-term way to correct unemployment, we have to curb population growth. As an immediate measure, people should be provided with funds by arranging training to engage in private businesses, so that the search for jobs can be reduced.

To overcome the problem of unemployment in villages, cottage industry businesses should be promoted. For this, adequate training facilities should be provided and raw materials should be made available on time.

The government should guarantee to buy finished goods at a reasonable price. This work can be easily done by cooperative institutions. Unemployment

Measures to Eliminate - To make unemployment. As a long-term solution, we have to make our education system. You will have to make radical changes. We need technicians and hand workers, not clocks. One of the major steps towards solving the problem of unemployment in India can be considered the 2015 National Policy on Skill Development, which will be helpful in reducing unemployment to a great extent.

It is noteworthy that on 15 July 2015, on the occasion of World Youth Skills Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally launched the 'Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) .. from Vigyan Bhawan New Delhi. Under this scheme, skill development education will be imparted to youth in the form of vocational and technical knowledge. About Rs. 1500 Crore Prime Minister

The skill development scheme will be implemented through the Skill Development Corporation created for the first time. 24 under major skills training programs

Lakhs of  youth were trained for various types of employment

The regional imbalances and migration in India

There is no doubt that India is one of the fastest-growing economies today, but it is also true that among many problems, rising regional inequality and migration are also major problems. In fact, regional inequality should also be linked to migration because people in areas where there will be unemployment, less means of income, no basic amenities, will migrate to urban convenience areas. Hence the problem of regional inequality and migration is interlinked. At the time of independence, there were wide disparities between different sectors, which could be clearly seen in the area of ​​per capita income, per capita consumption, education and healthcare employment and infrastructure, etc. Privatization Liberalization In the era of globalization, inequality of all kinds has increased. The disparity between rich and poor, between industry and agriculture, between the countryside has increased.

What is Migration ?

 The migration of the population from one area to another is called migration. Migration is generally of two types. Permanent migration and temporary migration. Temporary migration can be in annual, seasonal, or daily (between two cities) form. Depending on your place of origin and destination, the following types of migration can occur.

R - R to R

R-> U from village to town

U-> U from city to city

U-R from the city to the village

In some cases the population moves from the village to the small city and later to the big city. This can be called gradual migration. Migration impulses due to various attractions of a city

As a result of factors. Some people migrate to cities due to the effects of abjection factors. There are some impulse factors - unemployment, poverty, social

Insecurity, political instability, ethnic conflict, etc. Abjection factors may include better employment opportunities, education, entertainment, health care facilities, business opportunities, etc.

Migration trends in India

Two models of internal migration can be interstate and interstate.

Intra-state migration takes place within state boundaries, while in the context of inter-state migration, individuals cross the border of their state and settle in another state. According to the 1991 census, internal migrants whose the last place of residence and nomination have been designated as rural are classified from village to village. The largest number of rural immigrants are in West Bengal, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, second and third. In 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic a large numbers of workers have been migrated from the developed cities to their villages.

Effect of migration on India's cities-

The migration from rural to metropolitan cities due to non-concomitant urbanization in India has created many serious problems, which are destroying the entire urban environment of the country. Most metros and warnings are growing at a rate of alarm.

The issues of buffer stock and food security in India.

Among the challenges that India is facing today, food security is one of the most prominent challenges. Rapidly increasing population, rising food prices and the threat of climate change are challenges that need to be dealt with on a war footing. Swami Vivekananda once said "the person who is struggling to fill his stomach

Philosophism cannot be explained. "If India is to be included in the list of developed nations, it must ensure its food security. Given the enthusiasm and enthusiasm that India has shown in the last few years in dealing with various problems A better future can be expected.

National Food Security Mission - In view of the fast growing population in India and slow pace of production of food grains accordingly, the National Development Council has entrusted the responsibility to the National Food Security in May 2007. The National Food Security Act 2013 is a law notified by the Government of India through which the Government of India aims to ensure that food grains are available to the general public in the country.

Key Points:

Providing food grains at concessional rates to up to 75 percent of the population in rural areas and up to 50 percent of urban areas under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) under this law

There is a provision of Thus it is estimated to benefit about two-thirds of the country's population. Five Kms per month to eligible families G Rice, wheat and coarse grains Rs. 3, 2 and 1 per kg respectively. Will be available at a discounted rate of Rs.35 kg per family to the families involved in Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY). Grain of grains will continue as before. The eligible families will be selected to receive subsidized food grains under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDM) for a period of 365 days after its implementation. Pregnant and lactating women will also get maternity benefit of at least Rs 6000 during pregnancy and after six months of delivery. Children up to the age of 14 years can take nutritious food or take home ration as per prescribed nutritional norms.

The status of India's public debt after 1991 economic reforms.

The year of 1991 after the independence proved a milestone in India's economic history. Earlier, the country was going through a severe economic crisis and this crisis forced the policymakers of India to implement the new economic policy. The situation created by the crisis prompted the government to formulate policies aimed at bringing price stabilization and structural reforms. Stabilization policies were aimed at correcting weaknesses, thereby fixing fiscal deficit and reverse the balance of payments. Structural reforms had bypassed rigid rules, due to which reforms were also implemented in various sectors of the Indian economy and as a result of these policies, today India could also help a world-class institution like International Monetary Fund.

Main objectives of the new economic policy of 1991

The main objective behind the implementation of the new economic policy by Union Finance Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh in 1991 are as follows: 

I Indian economy had to be 'brought into the arena of globalization and at the same time make it according to the market trends.

II bring down inflation and remove payment imbalance

III. Increase the economic growth rate and create adequate foreign exchange reserves.

IV. Along with achieving economic stabilization, all kinds of unnecessary restrictions had to be shifted to a market-friendly economy.

V. Removal of restrictions was to allow the international flow of goods, services, capital, human resources, and technology.

VI. The involvement of private companies in all sectors of the economy was to be increased. That is why the number of areas reserved for the government has been reduced to 3.

At the beginning of mid-1991, the Government of India made some radical changes in its policies to make trade, foreign investment, exchange rate, industry, fiscal system, etc. effective to speed up the edge of the economy.

The main objective of the new economic policy was to improve productivity and efficiency while creating a more competitive environment towards an instrument.

Under this liberalization policy, all commercial banks were made free to determine the rate of interest. They will not have any obligation to accept the rates of interest set by the Reserve Bank of India as provisions have also been made.

Write a brief note on working of Unit Trust of India.

The Unit Trust of India was established on 1 February 1964 under the 'UNIT TRUST ACT, 1963' with the aim of mobilizing scattered small savings of the common people in the industries for the economic development of the country. Through this trust, units are saved by selling units to the public and the collected amount is invested in productive works. This investment is done in the shares of companies and letters of credit. Net profit earned from the investment is distributed to the unitholder. This act of appropriation on the basis of profitability, while protecting the wealth of the general public, on one hand, seeks to provide adequate returns to it. It also provides support in financing of other industrial establishments. This trust is authorized to acquire capital by selling Units in addition to its initial capital. This type of capital is called 'Unit Capital'.

In our country, UTI has developed a trend of saving in the general public by encouraging savings, especially salaried employees who have got the opportunity of safe investment through UTI. The main features of UTI are - UTI, 1964, 1971, 1976 for Non-Resident Indians India Fund 86, ULIP, India Growth Fund 1989, Mutual Funda Master Gain, etc.

It is noteworthy that after the collapse of the scheme named 'U.S-64' in 2001, UTI split into two separate companies-

First-UTI I-UTI-AMC ie Asset Management Company

(Asset Management Company)

II-UTI II-UTI-NAV means 'pure'

The company is called 'Net Asset Value'. UTI in the second company Asset Value of Net Asset Assets is operated by LIC, SBI, PNB and Bank of Baroda. All four have placed all UTI-value based schemes by paying full value to the government and have managed to own and manage the AMC [UTI-Mutual Fund) as well. In November 2005, these banks and LIC paid 1236.95 crores to the Government of India. As a result, SBI, PNB, LIC and BOB got the right to co-own 25 to 25 percent.

Its Objectives

The main objectives of the Unit Trust of India (UTI) are:

(i) Depositing money from the public as savings.

(ii) To take measures to increase national capital by selling shares to small investors.

(iii) To invest money in various industries in such a way that the industry is strengthened and has a good opportunity of appropriation.

Current position of money market in Madhya Pradesh.

Money Market in Madhya Pradesh

What is Money Market?

The money market is a place where short term tenure obligations such as treasury bills, commercial paper / paper and bankers' approvals etc. are bought and sold. In finance, the currency market refers to the global financial market for borrowing and lending short-term debt. It provides short term cash / liquidity funding for the global financial system. 

The money market consists of financial institutions and money or credit dealers, who either undertake borrowing or lending. Participants borrow or lend for a short period, usually up to thirteen months. Money market trading of short-term financial instruments is commonly called "paper". This is in contrast to the relatively long-term capital capital market, which is supplied by bonds and shares.

There are banks in the money market and origin, which borrow and lend to each other using commercial paper, repurchase agreements and similar instruments. In fact, the money market is a center where monetary assets or securities of short-term nature (generally less than 1 year duration) are dealt.

Instruments which are used in Money Market

The main instruments which are used in the money market  are federal funds, treasury bills, bankers acceptance, commercial paper, deposits, bills of exchange, short lived mortgage and asset backed securities, certificates of deposits etc.

Functions of Money Market 

The Reserve Bank controls the amount of liquidity in the economy through the money market.

Money market plays an important role in domestic and foreign trading.

Money market helps the  industries to grow.

Money market helps the commercial banks to invest their extra reserve without affecting the market liquidity.

Developed money market of any country helps the central bank to become self sufficient.

Types of Money Market 

 Money market is divided into two parts -

(1) Organized Money Market - Under this, Flat money, the Reserve Bank, Commercial Bank, Cooperative Bank and Regional Rural Bank are the main ones.

(2) Unorganized Money Market - Under this comes the native bankers like money lender Mahajan etc.

 

Money Market in Madhya Pradesh

The number of bank branches in the country is about 5641 and this number is continuously increasing. Out of these bank branches, the branches of commercial banks in cities are about 1311 cooperative banks and 72 branches of Regional Rural Banks. The remaining branches are in rural and semi-urban areas.

There is a network of self-help groups in the state. E.g. Sanchi Dairy Association.

If we talk about the state of madhya pradesh, the money market not fully grown yet. It is still developing.

Also read about the 

the importance of agriculture in the economy of Madhya Pradesh.

Importance of agriculture in the economy of Madhya Pradesh.

Agriculture is the main source of Madhya Pradesh's economy. 74.73 percent of the state's population lives in rural areas and is dependent on farms. Approx 49 percent of the state's land is cultivable. The agriculture here contributes not only to the state but also to the economy of the country. | A large part of the state's people are earning their livelihood through agriculture or other agricultural-related industries. About 74 percent of the state's population lives in the village, which is directly related to agriculture. Of 2011

According to statistics, 42.79 percent of the total working population is engaged in agricultural enterprises (farmers and agricultural laborers), but about one-third of the state's population is working in favor of agricultural workers, this employment is "seasonal" and workers. There is wastage of an increased number of people, due to which neither the living standard of the villagers here is improving nor this working class is not able to play any special role in upgrading the economy of the state.

The importance of agriculture in Madhya Pradesh's economy is due to two reasons. The first is that this sector contributes about a quarter of the economy of Madhya Pradesh and secondly that a large section of the rural population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for livelihood.  Apart from this, agriculture and allied sectors through infrastructure development schemes like road dams, minor irrigation, and industries.

Keeping in view the interests of about two-thirds of the population dependent on agriculture and being small, it is necessary that the possibilities of employment and income available in this area are fully utilized. It has often been seen that food security, employment opportunities, and family income levels have increased through agricultural development, which has also improved the social and economic conditions of the people. 

The main provisions of Competition Act, 2002.

The Competition Act 2002 was enacted by Parliament on 13 January 2003 to create fair competition in the economy and to provide 'equal opportunities to all' in this context. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established by the Central Government from October 14, 2003. After this, the Act was amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act 2007. On May 20, 2009, of the anti-competitive agreement and key conditions.

The provisions of the Act relating to misuse were notified. This Act applies to the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir. The Competition Commission of India is fully functional with a Chairman and six members. The Competition Commission focuses on four key points - 

anti-competitiveness agreements, 

misuse of key conditions, 

combination regulation, 

and competition advocacy. 

Practical act for checking the competition

Emphasizes approach. This is different from the approach of the MRTP Act in which the structural approach was adopted.

In view of the economic development of the country, the Competition Act provides the establishment of a Competition Commission, so that the following objectives are achieved

To prevent - Prevent practices that adversely affect competition Promote and maintain competition in the market Protect the interests of consumers; Ensure freedom of trade conducted by other participants in the Indian market or in addition to related matters.

The preamble to Competition Act

To achieve its objectives, the Competition Commission of India should do the following,

1.Build markets for the benefit and welfare of consumers.

2.Ensure fair and healthy competition in the country's economic activities for rapid and sustainable growth and development of the economy.

3.Implement competition policies with the objective of making the most effective use of economic resources.

4.Develop effective relationships and mutual influence with regional regulators to ensure smooth implementation of regional regulatory laws in accordance with competition law.

5.Effectively support competition and disseminate information about the benefits of competition among all stakeholders to establish and nurture a competitive culture in the Indian economy.

"The main objective of competition law is to promote economic efficiency by using competition as a tool to create a market that is favorable to the consumer's priority. The advantage of fair competition is three-way - allocable efficiency - which ensures effective allocation of resources Is. Productive efficiency — which ensures minimal and dynamic efficiency of production costs, which ensures innovative practices. " (Decision in Civil Appeal No.-7999 of 2010 dated September 9, 2010) Competition Commission of India and Competition Appellate Tribunal has been established as per the provisions of the Competition Act. The Competition Commission of India is now fully functioning with a chairman and 6 members. The provisions of the Competition Act relating to misuse of anti-competitive agreements and the key positions of the Commission were notified on 20 May 2009.

Importance of road transport in the economy of Madhya Pradesh

Road Transport In Madhya Pradesh

The first step for the economic development of any state is the development of traffic routes. The economy of any state or country can only be developed by developing the transport system. Transport was also developed in Madhya Pradesh with the same purpose.

Roads play an important role in the development of any country/region. The State Government has given full attention to the construction of roads and their importance in the state during the last 5 years. The State Road Transport Corporation was established in the year 1962 under the Traffic Corporation Act 1950 in the state. Its main objective was to provide efficient, accessible, and affordable transport facilities to the passengers. The means of transport in the state can be divided into three parts - road, rail and the air. Bus and train services cover most parts of Madhya Pradesh. According to the Economic Survey Report 2016-17, the state's long road network includes 46 national highways.

Major inter-state bus terminals are located at Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, and Jabalpur.

More than 2,000 buses runs daily between these four cities of Madhya Pradesh.

The intra-city transit system consists mostly of buses, private autos, and taxis.

The state does not have a coastline. Most maritime trade is through Kandla and the neighboring state of Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva), which is also well connected by roads and rail networks.

How is human development index calculated?

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistical index of life expectancy, education, and income indices, prepared by the three bases of human development. It was called by economist Mehboob-ul Haq

, Supported by economist Amatya Sen in 1990 and published by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Health and longevity, educational level, and subsistence through three dimensions in the Human Development Index (HDI) calculation till 2009, life expectancy at birth, gross enrollment ratio and adult literacy rate, and per capita gross domestic product (PPP based), respectively Level is measured. Since 2010, the UNDP has used a new method for calculating HDI for human development report which includes three indicators:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) - Life expectancy has been kept at the time of pre-birth for measurement of health and longevity.

2. Education Index (EI) - It is based on two new figures:

(i) Average years of schooling (MYS- Mean Years of Schooling) - Years spent in school by a 25-year-old adult and

(2) EYS - Expected Years of Schooling - The years a 5-year-old boy spends his life in school.

3. I-Income Index - Per capita GDP (PPP based) has been replaced with PPP based gross national income (GNI) per capita for estimation of subsistence.

Under the new method, UNDP has set the highest and lowest values ​​for the dimensions of the above three indices, which are as follows:

(1) Life expectancy - highest 83.6 years and minimum 20.0 years.

(li) Average years of school term - highest 13.3 and minimum zero.

(lii) Estimated year of the school term, highest 18 and minimum zero

(iv) GNI (PPPS) per capita - highest $ 107.721 and lowest $ 100.

Basic characteristics and features of the Indian economy .

A developing economy is an economy leading to the development. Though all the economies of the world fall into this category, the indicator is used to indicate an economy that is trying to move from a backward state to high growth. For example, India, China, Brazil, etc. are headed for development.

Basic features of the Indian economy as a developing economy-

The Indian economy has been a prosperous and developed economy since ancient times. In ancient and medieval India, the dealings with various countries were beneficial. But as soon as it came under British rule in the 18th century, the country became a true figure of poverty. The condition of the Indian economy was extremely pathetic at the time of independence. At the same time, under the leadership of  Pandit Nehru, the Indian economy started moving on the path of development from a planned search to a mixed economy, followed by a period of liberalization from 1991, making the present-day Indian economy the third-largest economy in the world and Its form is also changing from mixed economy to capitalist economy and developing economy to developed economy. Although the predominance of the Indian economy is inequality in the distribution of wealth and income, etc., it corresponds to an underdeveloped economy, but in the last few decades its rapid growth has started and he has given Prof. W. W. The third of the five stages of economic prosperity proposed by Rostov, ie "Tack of Self", was achieved by India only in 1952 and now the economy of the country is moving towards maturity. The following facts illustrate the developing nature of the Indian economy-

Philosophy of Guru Nanak. ३०० words mains question

- Guru Nanak has a very big place among the saints of the world. Not surprisingly, his name comes with Buddha, Ish, and the Prophet of Allah, Mohammad Sahab. His teachings brainwashed the public

Has left an indelible mark on The truth is that his philosophy was simple to understand and implement.

Guru Nanak laid great emphasis on the existence of one God. He said that he is the only power and there is no other power than that in the world. God is omnipotent and omnipresent. But Hindus worship many Gods. Hindus worship that love as Rama, Krishna and Shankar in the form of a man, but according to Nanak both God

Has qualities - 1. He stays in the inner state. 2. But it also appears outside to demonstrate its superiority. According to Nanak, God is merciful and does not turn away from his devotees. It cannot be confined in any temple or other religious places. He resides in the heart of every human being. The devotee has to surrender himself to the Lord's will to attain God. The meaning of self-surrender is the total elimination of five big enemies (senses). These five enemies are - (1) Kama (2) Anger (3) Greed (4) Attachment (5) Ego. When the mind is freed from these enemies, only then God is interviewed.

Guru Nanak stressed that it is possible to attain complete surrender only by chanting Lord 'Satnam', who is suffering from one of these five enemies. He cannot be oriented towards Satnam. Only the utterance of Satnam can remove a mind from the evils of the world and engage it in God. Satnam is the cure for all evils and diseases. Nobody of the truth has attained God. A Guru is a lift or a ladder that leads him to the door of his Lord, but for the attainment of a true Guru, it is necessary to have the grace of God. As soon as one finds a true Guru. Similarly, he should diligently follow the path shown by his guru. Guru Nanak has strongly opposed some religious rituals. Along with this, he has also asked to abandon all kinds of superstitions like austerity, pilgrimage practice. All these customs are false and useless. The compassion of the divine is only on those who sustain only true traditions. Nanak's message to his followers was "abandon the inequities of the world and adopt holiness." Nanak wished that his followers shun renunciation and sannyasa. Instead he said that the householder should lead a life. He insisted that the worldliness I too should follow a life of perfect purity. One must remain pure with mind, word, deed. Unwavering faith in 'Karmud'

Was. Lucky is the one who has done the welfare work of that society, it is possible to attain Satnam only by the grace of Guru. The society in which he lives without Guru Kripa. Nanak says that without good deeds one cannot attain salvation. As long as there are no functions in the context of society, the notion of justification has no meaning. Love of God means love for the whole human society. The caste system prevailing in the city Hindu society was completely contrary to this concept. Guru Nanak strongly opposed this principle of inequality and

It also said that both Hindus and Muslims are children of the same God.

Therefore, they need that they should live with brotherly fodder and love. Guru Nanak also propounded the principle of universal brotherhood. He did not believe in any form or form of God. He said that God is not far from you, seek them in your mind and heart. Hence, he did not believe in idol worship and emphasized more on 'Satnam chanting only.

Contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in reformation of Indian sociery.

Raja Rammohun Roy is generally regarded as the father of modern India, modern Indian liberal tradition and renaissance, a warrior for women's rights, a pioneer of social and political reforms, a future vision of international coexistence and a forerunner of India's constitutional liberals. As the father of modern India and a great

As a thinker, he made a relentless attempt to merge tradition and modernity. As an ardent supporter of the Indian Renaissance, Raja Rammohan Roy, for the faith of the Upanishads, the western orientation of education, the demand for civil liberties, the struggle for nationalism and the movement for self-government and secularism based on it, the efforts to reduce violence and religious reform Emphasized the need for widespread enthusiasm.

The Hindu tradition of the Indian Renaissance harmonized well with Western modernity. in this area

His important contributions are discussed below.

The father of religious and social reform movements, Raja Rammohan Roy, fought unceasingly against the superstitions and evils prevalent in the Hindu society of the 18th and 19th centuries. Of social reforms

As a leader, he said that social reform is an essential condition of achieving political freedom.

Opposing the arguments of the status quo advocates, they said that the creation of a new society based on tolerance, goodwill and wisdom is not possible, where the values ​​of freedom, equality and fraternity are

Everyone should have the same faith and where everyone gets freedom from the traditional shackles of slavery.

In the implementation of his multilateral program of social reform, Rajaram Mohan Roy appealed to the social reformers to raise public opinion in his favor before starting the work of social reform. They

Also suggested several means of social reform. He asked people to act with discretion and also gave examples to remove social evils from Hindu religious texts and to improve them.

Not only did he reenact Hinduism texts, but he wrote many articles regarding social reforms. He also tried to attract the government's attention against the prevalent social and religious evils. Regarding the freedom of human beings in the world, wherever there were small and big movements going on in those days, they fully supported them.

Raja Rammohun Roy opposed the practice of sati. He told that the principle of 'co-death' is not a scripture but a distorted scripture

is . Lord William Banting issued a law declaring the practice of sati prohibited in 1829, mainly as a result of his efforts. In the newspaper named 'Bengal Harkara', Mrs. Francis K. Martin

It was written "Without the special help of the great Hindu philosopher King Rammohan Roy, it would probably not have been possible for the British government to abolish the law of Sati, but this was accepted by anyone.

No, it's missing. "

Raja Rammohan Roy emphasized on women's rights and women's education. He raised his voice against the atrocities on Hindu women. Ram Mohan Roy said that "Protestant Hindus should

Also give recognition to marriages which are received by Vedic marriages. Widow marriage, inter-caste marriages, post-puberty marriages etc. would have been accepted in Hindu society if their advice had been accepted. He also introduced the practice of widow remarriage and spread it openly. Prostitution is the most vampiric of social evils. Raja Ram Mohan Roy waged a huge campaign against prostitution and urged the government to declare it illegal, and to control it.

What are the Five Vows of Jainism ?

In the philosophy of Jainism propounded by Mahavir Swami, the aim of life is to be free from the bondage of traffic and attain retirement. Nirvana is such a situation in which the soul becomes dormant and eternal

She continues to consume ecstasy. Therefore, Mahavir Swami considered the goal of life to be only salvation. Mahavir Swami through his knowledge rays

Enforced Jainism. The five main principles of this religion are truth, non-violence, no stealing, no over-collection and purification in life.

You said that only by following these five principles can one attain salvation or nirvana. You preached to everyone to follow this path.

Panch Mahatrat - Mahavir emphasized on the following five Mahavratas to lead an ethical life

Ahimsa - Anhisa is very important to get rid of karma. Violence is the biggest reason for Karma to be in bondage, whether it is done by knowing and or without knowing, so it should be carefully avoided. Eating meat is forbidden for both householders and monks of Jainism. It is also considered a sin to kill insects. According to Mahavir, the meaning of non-violence was not only not to kill a living being, but to even think of killing someone is a sin.

Truth - Speaking the truth and renouncing untruth is the second Mahavrata of the Jains. If something is true, but bitter, it should not be spoken. Should not speak without considering any subject well. Speech should not be given in times of anger, arrogance, greed. One should not speak untruth to Ir and even in laughter.

Astheya - Do not take anything of someone else without his permission. It is also a sin to desire to obtain something of someone else. In order to follow this, Jain sages should keep in mind the following.

(a) Jain monks should enter the homes of others only with permission.

(b) Food received in alms should be used with the permission of the Guru.

(c) One should reside only after obtaining permission to live in one's house.

(d) No household items should be used without the permission of the homeowner.

Aparigraha - Not having attachment with any person or thing is called aparigraha. As long as man's attachment remains in earthly things, he cannot be free from the restrictions of karma.

The non-accumulation of wealth is also Mahagrava. By observing this fast, a person becomes capable of attaining nirvana.

Brahmacharya - Brahmacharya Vrat is to live a life of self-control, leaving all senses lust. The following arrangements were made for Jain sages to observe Brahmacharya fast.

(a) Do not talk to any woman.

(b) No woman should be looked at.

(c) Do not worry about the pleasure of female intercourse of household life.

(d) Renunciation of high and tasty food.

(e) Do not reside in the house where the woman lives.

The philosophy referred to by Mahavira can be summed up as follows. Jeeva and Ajiv Chetan and Root These are the core elements of the two worlds and the tradition of this Root-Chetan relationship prevails through the mind, speech and karmic actions of Chetan. This is called karmabandh. The tradition of this karmabandha can be stopped by following Yama, Niyam etc. and restraint and tenacity

The ancient bond can be destroyed by In this way, attaining the ultimate form of consciousness by attaining the ultimate knowledge of the conscious from the root should be the ultimate goal of life. In this, salvation can be obtained from this cycle of birth and death, or say, Nirvana. Mahavira has emphasized right knowledge and right character.

Why do people envolve in the corruption.

Corruption is a complex process due to many reasons. It is easy to talk about corruption, but in this technological age it is a difficult task to understand its reasons. Many factors are responsible for corruption - historical, social, economic and political. Here an attempt has been made to discuss these reasons / factors as follows.

Historical reason - The root of corruption in India lies in British colonial rule. British rule was not in favor of all-round development. He used to appoint British people to high positions

He used to pay salaries, used to appoint Indians to the lower posts and was paid less, due to which he used corrupt methods. After World War II, many kinds of controls ensued due to lack of war.

Were done, which gave low-level employees the opportunity to adopt corrupt methods and then took this opportunity as a habit. Corruption was at its highest level during World War II.

Concept of environment - The second most important cause of corruption in government service is rapid urbanization and industrialization. In this process only the fundamental property status and economic power determine the prestige and importance in the society. Since the salary is low. And as inflation has remained unchanged, government employees easily fall prey to corruption in order to maintain their reputation in society.

Economic Causes - Inadequate remuneration from salary scales and increasing expenditure of living is probably one of the important reasons for corruption. In the last years there has been a rapid increase in living expenses, which has reduced the real income of various sections of the society, especially the salaried people. The desire to look dignified by acquiring property encouraged those who had opportunities to subdue the temptations.

Lack of harsh public opinion against the evil of corruption - People do not complain to the government against corrupt employees, rather they bribe to fulfill their wrong demands. However, the trend has declined somewhat in recent years.

Complex and cumbersome functioning and procedures of government offices - It is alleged that the functioning of government departments such as tariffs, central products, imports - exports, railways, supplies and disposals, income tax, police etc. are complex, cumbersome, long-term, and

Is delayed. This has encouraged dishonest practices like 'quick settlement money'.

Inadequate laws to deal with corruption - The laws related to corruption and the Indian Penal Code are outdated and have inadequate punishment laws. Penalty for corrupt employees under laws

It takes time to get it done. To eliminate corruption, short litigation system and severe punishment should be given. Accordingly, there is a need to change the laws.

Improper protection given to government employees in India - Article 311 of the Constitution of India provides for the protection of government employees. This Article 311, as enunciated by our Courts, has made it difficult for the corrupt employees to act effectively. Due to the nexus of high officials with corrupt employees, the situation became more serious due to reluctance of high officials to take disciplinary action against corrupt employees.

Business and industrial rich individuals and others for personal self-realization - big businessmen, unscrupulous, shopkeepers, suppliers and contractors bribe them to get unfair benefits from government employees. Sometimes they distribute a part of the unearned profit to the government employees.

Pressure Groups - It is said that industrial pressure groups like FICCI, CII Assochain promote corruption through their activities to get help to serve the interests of their community. They

Through dinners, parties, snacks, etc., the ruling elite influence the class.

Ways of minimizing corruption.

The Prevention of Corruption Act was passed in the year 1947 to curb corruption in India.  There are also various codes of conduct related to government employees.  Of the existing means to face corruption.For review, Shri Santhanam Committee was also formed and Vigilance Commissions were also set up at the Central and State levels.  In addition, Central Bureau of Investigation and Lokpal and Lokayukta institutions were also formed to prevent corruption.  Society has an important role in minimizing corruption.  Such values ​​should be developed in the society so that corruption can be reduced.  Similarly, the information system can play an important role in minimizing corruption.  On the day we get information through the information system that on corruption by corrupt officials, politicians and other people, their property is governed by the government and they are put in lockup, which causes corruption cases in other people in the society  I continue to panic  To bring honesty and integrity in governance and to prevent corruption, we should take measures in the following way.

Corruption can be prevented by bringing transparency through accountability, e-governance through Right to Information Act 2005

 The government's credibility can be increased by implementing legislation related to the delivery of goods and services within the time limit.

 By strengthening the Panchayati Raj Institutions, a plate form can be prepared so that public participation in governance is possible and corruption can also be prevented by bringing awareness of their rights and duties in public.

 Through participatory grievance redressal mechanism, public participation in service delivery can be increased so that the government becomes accountable.

 Value-based training can be imparted to public servants.

Austerity can be brought into administration and service delivery can be accelerated by privatizing some organs of the government  May lay special emphasis on equality and morality to Improve education

 Integrity in governance can also be ensured by electoral reforms and the rigorous implementation of the anti-defection law.

 Corruption can be reduced by strengthening the Ombudsman mechanism to investigate larger cases of corruption.

 Integrity in governance can also be ensured by effective implementation of citizen charter.

 Strong public opinion should be generated against corruption so that the misdeeds can be busted in the corrupt.

 There should be a free fair system for judging and punishing criminals strictly by judges with the executive influence on corruption cases.

 The definitive code of conduct for ministers and government administrators should be formulated and followed strictly.

 There should be a system of appointing government employees on the basis of their full salary and merit according to their work.

What are some apptitude and foundations for civil servants

Public service means those permanent and non-political officials (administrative officers and employees) of the government. Those who are not members of the judiciary or the army and once in a government job, usually stay on till the age of retirement. Appointment of members in the civil service is often done on the basis of competitive examinations, judging the merit. The basic values ​​of the civil service are those which are helpful in advancing and realizing the ideals and goals of the civil service and act as a guide. Is, like - integrity, impartiality etc.

To become a successful civil servant (public servant), it is not only necessary to have the relevant competence and qualifications, but it should also be equipped with the core values ​​of the civil service. These basic or fundamental values ​​guide the abilities and abilities to move successfully in a certain direction, giving guidance.

A civil servant is required to have basic administrative values ​​along with impartiality, only then will he carry out his tasks efficiently and effectively in a transparent manner while realizing responsibility. Important values ​​or moral qualities in a public servant must exist:

1. Selfdessness - People in public positions (public officials) have only public interest in mind (public interest)

Decisions should be taken. Decisions should not be taken to obtain financial or other material benefits for your family and friends (the basis for decision making is appropriate).

2. Integrity - People holding public office should not be influenced by the financial or other responsibilities of outsiders or organizations in discharging their official duties.

3. Objectivity - When performing public functions such as - public appointments, contracts or when recommending people for rewards and benefits to the public official

Should be selected on the basis of merit.

4. Accountability - The public office bearers should be accountable to the public for their decisions and actions and should be prepared for appropriate investigation in this matter.

5. Openness - The government official should be open about all his decisions and actions. They should mention the reasons for their decisions and any information

But it should be stopped only when it is necessary to do so in the larger public interest.

6. Honest - It is the duty of government officials to declare their personal interests in the context of their public duties. In the event of a conflict between the duties and the private interests, it should take remedial steps which can protect the public interest.

7. Leadership - Government officials should try to develop themselves as a perfect example by promoting and supporting the above basic elements.

Morality in governance will come only when the public servants are expressed at the level of above mentioned behavior, their activities are governed by these values. Not only can the ideal of public service be attained by having rules and laws, but it is also necessary to hold such values ​​so that officers can present the ideal of morality while making decisions and actions. The most fundamental value of civil service is loyalty and commitment to constitutional values.

The social thoughts of Dr bhim rav ambedkar

 Ambedkar gave the option of radical change in society. He saw social reform in two ways. First, they fall in the category of family reform, then high, bottom, untouchability, elimination of caste and caste discrimination in the category of social reform. It was believed that without social reform, the rise of true nationalism is not possible. He considered political tyranny to be negligible compared to the social tyranny and social reformer who opposed the society was more courageous than the politician who opposed the government. That is why he raised the old question of social reform versus political consciousness, about which there were two factions in the Indian National Congress and he considered the defeat of the social reform side in Congress as unfortunate.

Ambedkar sharply attacked casteism, Brahminism, untouchability, etc. in Indian society and said that to make fundamental changes in the social system, social reform is not only, but social revolution is also needed. Elimination of the caste system, Dalit revival, and untouchability prevention are at the center of Ambedkar's social thought. From bitter experiences of life, Ambedkar had learned that caste system is the root of social inequality in India. Ambedkar, himself a victim of the caste system, presented a researched assessment on its origin and measures to destroy it. Ambedkar believed that Hindu society based on Varnashram system was created by Hinduism

It is accepted because this system is based on the principle that God has created man from his different organs. The Brahmin is born from the mouth of God, from the Kshatriya arm, from the Vaishya thigh and from the disabled (Shudra) feet. He said that Hindu society has the social prestige of caste and caste according to the prestige of the parts of this divine body. According to Ambedkar, due to the birth of caste, there is no place for a person's work and ability, so in such a system, equality and justice of the person

Can not expect

It was considered a sin to touch a particular person. Taking a sarcasm at the Hindu religion community, he said that the Hindu is famous for his humanistic feelings and his faith in the mere creature. Some people do not even kill venomous snakes, but the question arises that why Hindus, who are generous towards pranamatras including animal bearers, behave so unfairly and mercilessly towards humans (Dalits)? Dr. Ambedkar argued rationally that the caste system had permanently disabled a large number of India. Distressed and agitated by Dalit problem

His contemplative mind always had a question that revolutions against oppression and exploitation took place in other countries of the world, but why did it not happen in India? He also had an answer to his question, and that the lower castes became powerless due to the Chaturvarna system. This class deprived of education, weapons, culture and property cannot revolt

Was. To build a new Indian society based on democratic values, he called for a complete destruction of caste and untouchability. For this, he made several efforts. Ambedkar started an organization called "Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha" with constructive work but later he opposed it to Dalit revival; Made the stage of movement and direct action. Like the Dalits, the status of women in Indian society was like that of slaves. Sati system for the fall of women, child marriage, female slaughter. Widows considered malpractices like prohibition of marriage, and the root of these problems was caste system and Brahminism. 

Contribution of Swami Vivekanand in upliftment of indian society

Swami Vivekananda though originally a monk. Those who tried to spread monotheism in the world by giving scientific form, but the patriotism and blood shedding spirit of the nation of India could not confine them to intellectual controversy and practice. Like Swami Dayanand, Vivekananda too is willing to break the stereotypes of Indian society and change social

Vivekananda had not done any classical study of Sociology or Indian Sociology, yet the depth of his analysis of Indian society and varna-caste system can be easily estimated by looking at it. His theory of India's 'caste cycle' is an example of this. According to this theory, three qualities Sattva, Rajas and Tamas are universally found in humans. Although their quantity varies from person to person. These three qualities are eternal

He has appeared in the form of four varnas - Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra.

According to Vivekananda, world history is a witness to the fact that these four categories have gained political and social powers over time. In ancient civilizations, the society met the guiding priest or Brahmin class. This was followed by the rise of the Kshatriya class, which established the autocratic monarchy or the Dhanik Samanti system. In modern nations of which England is dominant, the Vaishya class took over the power to control society through trade and commerce. Priesthood

He uplifted the Kshatriya class and both the priest and Kshatriya cast Vaisya class in front of their financial prosperity. Shudra status

Remained the same. According to Vivekananda, the division of society into 4 varnas signifies an ideal social system. Brahmin priests rule knowledge and

Science is for progress. The job of a Kshatriya is to maintain order. The Vaishya represents commerce and contributes to the spread of knowledge through trade. Shudra symbolizes the victory of Samata.

Due to faith in the chromatic division of the society, sometimes it seems that Vivekananda is a supporter of the archaic system. But it should also be remembered that Swami Vivekananda also contributed towards social reform. He continued to protest against the oppression of Harijans under the Varna system throughout his life. He introduced the Dalit as 'Daridranarayana' and introduced the European civilization and culture in the then Indian society. Swamiji was totally opposed to it. His idea was that we should develop in harmony with our nature.

The institutions of each country are the result of the social environment, traditions and customs there. We also have some traditions and historical

Are beliefs. We should develop according to them.

Vivekananda revolutionized the social, economic and religious evils that hampered the development of the individual and the entirety of the society.

Variation - discrimination, insult of women and the disharmony of the public should be the aim of whatever program is adopted in India, prevention of poverty,

To provide high status to women and to empower caste system.

Through socialization of education, social distribution and education of the arhats, all the evils which have made the roots of Indian society hollow. Everybody needs power for the poor, the ignorant and the misdemeanors and no one else can give as much power as they can.

Ultimately, education will create a strong public opinion on the basis of which the law will be created and the burden of every shoulder of equal distribution of resources will be lightened. Although Vivekananda has been accused in many ways, Vivekananda's contribution in the revival of India is very important.

All about Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is an employment guarantee scheme implemented in India, enacted by legislation on 25 August 2005. The scheme provides 100 days of employment every financial year to those adult members of any rural household who are prepared to do unskilled wages related to public work at a statutory minimum wage of Rs 220 per day.

The Act was launched with the objective of increasing the purchasing power of rural people, mainly for those living in rural India. Semi-skilled or non-skilled work, whether they are below the poverty line or not. About one-third of the assigned workforce is made up of women. The government is planning to open a call center, which can be contacted on the duty-free number 1800-345-22-44 at the start. Initially, it was called the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA),

But it was renamed on October 2, 2009.

Criticisms

The scheme has also been severely criticized and argued that this scheme is no more effective than other schemes for poverty alleviation.

The first criticism is financial. MNREGA is one of the largest initiatives of its kind in the world. The national budget for the fiscal year 2006–2007 was 113 billion rupees (about US $ 2.5bn and about 0.3% of GDP) and now fully operational it will cost the 2009–2010 fiscal

391 billion rupees a year. Jyoti Treas and others suggested that this could be funded through improved tax administration and reforms, while the tax-GDP ratio has actually been declining so far. It is expected that the cost of this scheme will be 5% of GDP. Another important criticism is that the end products of public action plans (such as water conservation, land development, afforestation, provision of irrigation systems, road construction, or flood control) are insecure, which the rich sections of society can occupy. A monitoring study of MGNREGA in Madhya Pradesh showed that the activities being carried out under this scheme had become more or less standardized in all villages, with little to no local consultation.

Further concerns include the fact that certain sections of society are excluded due to corruption of local government. It has also been found that the local government claimed more job cards than the actual number of persons employed, in order to gain more funds than necessary, which is then embezzled by the local authorities. A bribe of up to 50 rupees is given for obtaining a job card.

MNREGA is criticized mainly for two things. One is the leakage of this scheme on a large scale and secondly, the pits are dug and filled in the name of work, which is of no use. these two

Criticisms are exaggerated and based on intellectual laziness and ideological parochialism. There is no doubt that like other schemes, MNREGA is also facing the problem of corruption. There is a need to deal strictly with corruption, but fund cuts are not the solution. MNREGA has been fighting corruption through social audits like IT and community-based accountability mechanisms. The fact is that there are very few schemes which are linked to a hundred percent technology and the data related to them has been made public. In 2013, efforts were made to address concerns related to the sustainability and utility of the works under MNREGA by incorporating new works into it. The need and utility of this law cannot be decided due to poor implementation or corruption in some states or districts. While assessing the MNREGA, we must keep in mind that it is the only instrument that empowers the village panchayats. Has been doing Fifty percent of the total works are executed by gram panchayats. Along with this, the social audit ensures accountability. No other scheme has released such a large amount of funds. On average, an amount of fifteen lakh rupees is released directly to gram panchayats every year. Thus, if we believe in Gram Sabha to Lok Sabha, then the basic structure of MNREGA should not be abandoned. This plan needs to be constantly reviewed and evaluated. The focus of MNREGA should be on the disadvantaged communities and skill development of the most backward areas. It was made part of MGNREGA in 2013 and needs to be expanded today. In addition, MNREGA should be immediately linked to the socio-economic caste census. Continuity in political support is most important for MNREGA. What is not necessary is the gradual strangulation of this scheme, hence the main basis of employment of unskilled laborers, though there are some shortcomings in this, its contribution cannot be underestimated. There is a need for better implementation.

Relevance of humanistic view of Saint Kabir

Sant Kabir was a pioneer of the Bhakti era. He is also commonly called a reformer because of his blasphemy and attacking two evil words prevailing in society.  But in fact, Kabir was not a reformer but a humanist who tried to establish human values ​​by attacking discrimination prevailing in the society. When they say that 'If a Brahmin is worn by wearing a Janeu, then the Brahmin does not wear his wife' Janeu ', then she is a Shudra, so why does he eat his wife's food?  Through this Kabir attacks Brahminism on the one hand and on the other hand discriminatory social attitude towards women. He was a true humanist.  In human beings, he never quarreled in the name of caste and religion, but instead guided the truth and preached to destroy false pride. Kabir remained calm amid the tormented life.  He used to tell devotion to the art of happy life.  Kabir had this same knowledge, with the help of this knowledge, he kept trying to bring greenery in life.  They say that if you want your good, listen to my words carefully and follow them.  He tells every human being to first stabilize themselves, calm down, identify themselves and live in bliss.  According to him, when humans remove all the disorders of the mind  If you sit quietly with a stable mind, then it will be saved from all kinds of odd situations.

Kabir emphasizes practicality, his suggestion is straightforward and irrefutable. He suggests removing man from earthly traps and ending up.  They say that it is futile to think far, in the proximity is the abode of happiness. All body holders have to suffer in this world according to their own order.  In this hour of sorrow one must not panic, but should bear the grief peacefully.  Knowledgeable people, with the help of their knowledge, enjoy the suffering of this sorrow peacefully with a steady mind, but the ignorant go stung and start crying. As long as there is a disorder in the mind, it is not possible to get rid of the worldly resources.  It is only after purification that the mind becomes enchanted in devotional juice and begins to move away from the worldly world.  They say mind is pure. On being, the behavior will be pure, and only by being pure will the ideal human being be created.

also read what is nmc and its functions

Code of conduct for civil servants.

In the context of the Code of Charan, in Indian circumstances in 1930, an attempt has been made by the British rule in a narrow perspective.  After World War II, when the concept of welfare state all over the world adopted and the bureaucracy played large roles in the supply of goods to the citizens, such as education, health transportation etc.  There is an increase in corruption due to the supply of goods by the administration on the subject matter.  In the 50s, efforts were made to adopt a code of conduct all over the world.  Under Article 309 of the Indian Constitution, the President is empowered to make necessary rules for public servants.  To ensure fairness and administrative morality among public servants, the All India Service Act and the All India Rules were circulated by the Central Government in 1957.  But the Santhanam Committee (on Prevention of Corruption), set up in 1962, decreased the patriotism and moral enthusiasm among the youth in the country.  Moral

 Lack of enthusiasm is the only factor that does not develop integrity in public services.  For this reason, this committee suggested that In order to make the rules of conduct in the public service more stringent, a comprehensive and multi-pronged conduct rule was adopted in 1964, at the central level in view of all the above rules at the suggestion of this committee, in which the officers have to do what and what not to do.  Clearly defined.  It usually includes aspects such as not taking bribe, not taking expensive gifts, not giving donations etc.  Following are the major rules of the code of conduct relating to Indian public servants.

 1. Duties of duty with full devotion As per the rules of conduct, every public servant should perform his duties with integrity, honesty and honesty.

 2. Political neutrality and impartiality - Public servants in India to participate in political activities, make donations, subscribe to any party and promote any party. There is a restriction.  Therefore, public servants are expected to introduce politically and socially neutrality and impartiality in their functioning.

 3. Restrictions on public criticism - According to the Code of Conduct rules, public servants cannot publicly criticize government programs and policies.  They have the right to make only formal statements to the press or media.

 4. Ban on donations - Public servants cannot give any kind of donation to any political party nor can they spend money for publicity of any political party.

 5. Rules for taking gifts According to the rules of conduct, no public servant can accept gifts or gifts in excess of the limits prescribed for weddings, birthdays and other events.  If any gift or gift in excess of the prescribed limit is taken by a public servant, then the details of the gift should be given to the government immediately.

 6. Property rules - Under the property rules, every government employee should give the details of his movable and immovable property to the government before joining the government service.  Details of assets acquired each year are required.  Apart from this, transactions of property in excess of the prescribed limit can be done only with the prior approval of the government.

 7. Prohibition on private trade - Public servants are prohibited from doing private business.  No public servant can do any type of business directly or indirectly.  Literary, artistic only

 With unpaid prior approval of the government in activities, one can work on the condition that there will be no hindrance in the discharge of his government service / obligation.

 8. Prohibition of promotion of private goods or trade. No public servant can participate in any competition event organized by private company or institutions whose main purpose is their goods or trade.

 To promote.

 9. Prohibition on betting - Public servant and other members of his family cannot betting on any kind.

 10. Restrictions on appointment of close relatives According to the code of conduct rules, no public servant can appoint his family and close relatives in his department.

 11. Absolute Ethnic Conduct - The government employee can follow or practice any religion in his personal life, but cannot act in public office, which would hurt the secular nature of the state.

What is Accountability and Transparency?

- Responsibility means public servants' readiness and action to work in accordance with the needs and aspirations of citizens. Under this, it is emphasized that whether the work is being performed according to the process and procedure available to fulfill the aspirations of the people? Public servants are expected to follow their responsibilities in accordance with a certain law and procedure.

Civil servants in all democratic countries to ensure a responsive, transparent and honest policy implementation and service delivery:

The political is responsible to both the executive and the citizen. Ensuring accountability for performance in financial government service is not a simple task; There are enormous complications involved in making government officials accountable for results and outcomes. Of agencies providing services

In relation, especially while the service provided is clear. It is easy to set and measure performance goals and thus a seamless measure

There is a unit, but in the case of many government organizations, where the results are policy related and therefore not very concrete, the performance assessment is more

Becomes complicated. The spread of responsibility and authority among different levels of government and the lack of synergy between authority and responsibility can also lead to a system where clear excuses for not performing are abundant. Especially in relation to those activities which are beyond the departmental boundary line or between different functional divisions within the departments. Accountability determines the responsibility of an officer / employee working in a private, governmental or voluntary organization and also ensures that the officer / employee justifies their actions or decisions. He also has to be officially ready for action if he does not fulfill his duties and responsibilities.

Transparency means openness in the decision making process and right to information, ie the decision making process and the process of providing information will be as simple and clear for the public and the media, the more transparency will come in the organization. Everyday work, formulation of policies, decision making process and rationale and potential benefits to the public from these are some things which the common citizens have the right to know. Under the system of administration of service related things

It is the right of the public to get information about the conditions adopted and its purpose etc.

Transparency is also related to morality. In the absence of transparency, the government becomes slow, inefficient and corrupt. Some other aspects of transparency can be understood in the following way.

Due to transparency in public affairs, proper use of public funds is possible.

(1) By bringing transparency in government work, officers are careful in taking any decision and their decision is judged. They do not do any favors in this work.

2. By bringing transparency in government work, public servants are not able to misuse time and public money.

3. Taking transparency shows the futility of those rules and laws and procedures which act as a barrier to administration.

4. Ensuring transparency ensures a cordial relationship between the public servant and the customer.

Transparency and right to information is a precondition for good governance. Access to information empowers citizens to obtain information about public policies and programs thereby

Transparency is ensured. Transparency makes government more accountable and participates in strengthening full democracy and citizens

Empowers to keep abusive about the policies of patrons. Apart from this, public participation in administration is also ensured. Getting information about work

Public participation also ensures public participation.