What is NMC ? and its formation and functions

 The national medical commission is introduced in the place of the medical council of India on 25th September 2020. The national medical commission law was signed by President on 8th august 2019. Dr. S.P. Sharma is appointed as the director of NMC for a period of three years.

Formation -

NMC is consists of a director and 5 other members who are selected by the 7 members' search committee of the cabinet secretary. There will be a total of 33 members in NMC. 

FUNCTIONS OF NMC

To control medical institutes 

To make available resources to fulfill the medical needs in the country.

Give directions to state medical commissions.

To implement fee regulations on 50% of seats of private medical institutions and universities.

Main issues before constituent assembly

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)

United Nations Environmental Programme is a part of United Nations Development Group.It was founded on 5th june 1972 by a Canadian Businessman and philanthropist Maurice Strong who was its first director. The headquarter of UNEP is in Nairobi, Kenya. The present exucutive director of UNEP is Mr Inger Anderson (since 2019 ). The work of UNEP  is to regulate the environmental activities of UNTED NATIONS and help countries in the implementations environmental policies and practices. This organization focuses on a wide range of areas such as atmosphere, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economic development. 

UNEP helps its member countries in achieving sustainable development goals. In  the current scenario it mainly focusing on the climate change. UNEP also joined World Meteorological Organization to establish Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . UNEP is funded by member countries.

Mains issues before constituent assembly

What is Zero Budget Natural Farming ZBNF

Zero budget natural farming is a type of farming in which there is no use of chemicals and any type of fertilisers. This farming was first promoted by the Pdma Shri recipient and agricultarist Subhash Palekar of Maharashtra in the 1990s.So it is also called Subhash Palekar Natural Farming ( SPNA). He said that the rising cost of farming is the main reason for the suicides of farmers. Without taking loans and using expensive equipment and chemicals the cost of farming can be reduced using zero budget farming . And at that time it was very helpful for small farmers. ZBNF method also helps in increasing soil quality, uses minimum irrigation . 

According to the data by NSSO 70% of households in India expends more than they earn. Hence most of the farmers are in the debt .ZBNF was also introduced in the parliament by Nirmala Sitaraman. The central government aims to double the income of all the farmers by 2022.

What is Foreign Contribution ( Regulation ) Act, 2010?

 FCRA is an act to consolidate the law to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies and to prohibit the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities related to the national interest and for matters connected therewith or thereto. This act is the predecessor of the act of 1976. This act was passed in Rajya Sabha on 19th August 2010 and on 27th August,2010 in Lok Sabha and got the assent of  President on 26th September 2010.. The act finally commenced on 1st May 2011.

The Foreign Contribution ( Regulation ) Amendment Bill 2020 introduced by the home minister of  India Mr Amit Shah. Various changes in the act have been done in the  act. It made compulsory for all office bearers NGO to submit their Aadhar Numbers . This bill gives powers to the government to stop the foreign funds by an organisation through a  'summary enquiry' process. This bill increases transparency and and accountability in receiving and utilising foreign contributions . And it aims to provide some facilities to the NGOs and others associations working for the welfare of people.

What is Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) ? Write functions of NCB

Narcotics Control Bureau was established on 17th March 1986. The main headquarter of NCB is in New Delhi. The current agency executive and director-general of NCB is Mr.Rakesh Asthana IPS. It was under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985. NCB is an Indian intelligence agency and Indian federal law enforcement under the ministry of Home affairs. The main work of this agency is to investigate drugs and their illegal uses.

Functions of NCB

1.NCB keeps eyes on all the drug smugglers which are connected to the foreign drug trafficker.

2.All the drugs-related criminal cases fall under Narcotics Bureau

3.NCB provides training and resources to the workers of Drug-related agencies.

4.It is a national level agency that works with CBI, State Police, Customs, and Central Excise?GST and Indian Intelligence agencies.

5.NCB also works with international and foreign law enforcement agencies.

Who was Bodhan Doa?

Bodha Doua was the commander (Senapati) of Shahgarh King Bakhatwali. Bodhan Daua was also known as the the Tatya Tope of Sagar. Bodhan Daua, was the the principal advisor, High Officer and Commander-in-Chief of Raja Bakhtavali of the princely state Shahgarh of Sagar district.Mardan Singh, the ancestor of King Bakhtawali (1785-1810)

Became the king of the princely state.  Arjun Singh, son of Mardansingh (1810-42) was attacked by Bhonsale of Nagpur in 1810 AD. Scindia of Gwalior sought help against bhonsle.  Scindia asked helped against and in return got the Garhakota area from Arjun Singh.

 Therefore, he helped the British in suppressing the Bundela Rebellion (1842) on this condition.

What is IMF ? international monetary fund

IMF stands for international monetary fund

What is federal reserve system?

what is GST [ goods and service tax ] ?

 GST is an indirect tax

What is bitcoin currency?

 Bitcoin is a virtual cryptocurrency. It is used as a payment method on international payment gateways

What is mission shakti?

 Mission shakti is an anti-satellite program launched by the Indian government on the 27th March 2019. 

Tawang valley of India

What is sukhoi?

What is Coronavirus virus? What are the symptoms and how to be safe

Covid 19 is a pandemic which is known to be spread from wuhan city of china. Corono virus group was first discovered in 2002. Due to the covd-19 pandemic, everybody in the world is affected somehow. We all know that there is no medicine for coronavirus until now. So its better to prevent yourself from this virus. Ayush ministry of India gave us three preventive ways to boost our immunity in this pandemic. 

1.drink only warm water throughout the day. 

2.do exercise for at least 30 minutes every day. 

3.Use turmeric, coriander, and garlic in the food.

In the time of this pandemic, everybody was told to stay in the house for a minimum of 14 days that is called quarantine time who comes from foreign countries. A COVID 19 toll-free number 1075 launched in India.

Preventive measures for people to stay safe from COVID 19

1. Keep a distance of at least 2 meters while talking.

2.Dont go to the crowd placed like market fairs religious places.

3. Do the COVID test if coming from a foreign country.

4. Always wear a mask when going outside.

5. Keep social distancing in social places.

6. Must follow 2 meters distance from each other

7. Keep distance from any unknown person.

8. Do not buy anything from the hawkers which are not allowed by the administration.

9.Download Arogya setu in your and family members mobile  so that you can track covid affcted people near you.

10. Don't go to  the home of any of your relatives or neighborhood

11. Always mask the mouth in a cloth or  or any other mask. Keep it tight with a cloth.

12.Go on Outside trip only when it is  absolutely necessary

13. Avoid needlessly leaving the house.

 14. Whenever touching anything external Always use Alcoholic sanitizer Sanitize with, or 20 to 25 seconds Wash with soap.

14. Sneeze in any public place With handkerchief or any cloth 

15. While coughing cover your mouth and nose in a public places.

16.Report to helath department if there is someone new in your neighborhood, colony or area.

17. When Person or outsider comes to live  Immediately inform the police.

18. After buying green vegetables or fruits first wash them with warm water then leave it for 12 hours.

19.If you feel  Cough, cold, fever or no breathing Immediately call helpline number.

 20.if you don't need to buy anything so don't  come out of the house again and again. 

21.By making a list of the things needed Buy from the approved shops only.

22. Avoiding corona virus is its most Better treatment for your family and yourself.

 

As we know that all doctors from all over the world are saying that  this pandemic will stay here for at least  years. For so long it is not possible to stay closed in homes That's why we are all aware With our own responsibility. All the actions are taken by government to get rid of this pandemic and still fighting with this virus.

Many migrants are coming back due to Corona. To protect the health of all those migrants do the following- 

1. If they have smartphone download Arogya setu app in their phone. 

2. Keep distance from migrants.

3. If see any symptoms of covid. 19 contact at covid helpline number.

 "It's very important to protect everyone from the corona"

Actions taken by government to fight corona virus

1. Lockdown -

Lockdown means lockout. Lockdown is a disaster management system which is officially implemented at the time of  disaster or epidemic .The people of the area in which the lockdown has been done, the houses are locked and exit is not allowed without permission. All they need to do is to buy essential things like medicine and the grains .They are allowed to come out, during this time if they want to  get money from the bank

The way an institution or factory is shut down and there is lockout in the same way that lock down means that you do not leave the streets for unnecessary work. If you have any problem due to lockdown life you  are  allowed to concerned Police Station, District Collector, Superintendent of Police Or you can call other higher officials. Lockdown is done for the convenience and safety of the public. All private and contract offices remain closed, government offices which do not fall in the required category are also closed.

2.Emergency services during covid 19 pandemic.-

During the pandemic only emergency services were allowed to use.these are-

Shops, including Ration shops (UnderPDS) dealing with Foods, groceries, fruits, Veg etables,Dairy and Milk booth,Meat and Fish,Animal Fodder

Banks,ATMS and insurance Offices

Delivery of all essential services including  Food,Pharmaceuticals,medical equipment through e-commerce

Petrol Pumps,LPG,Petroleum and gas

retail and storage outlets.

Power generation,Transmission and

distribution services.

Hospitals and all related medical

establishments.

3.PMCARE Funds

Pmcare fund to fight against covid 19 was started by prime minister Narendra Modi. In a very short time the government started getting donations to fight this virus in the pmcare funds. Akshay kumar donated rs25 crore in the very firsr day. 

4. Covid helpline number-

A tollfree number 1075 was launched by the health ministry of India.

5. Mass testing of virus-

A large of testing was started by the government from the very first day.

6.All transportation stopped-

For the very first in India railway was stopped after independence. This shows how dangerous this pandemic is.

7. Arogya setu app

This app set a record highest installs in a single day. This app lets people know who is affected/ quaratined near us so we can take care of ourselves.

Side effects of Corona virus -

1. Unemployment -

As soon as the virus spreaded people started losing their jobs. In this pandemic unemployment rate was kn all time high.

2. Impact on economy

The total gdp of India was shrunk by -23%. This show how the country is fighting with the economical challenges.

3. Effect on education.

Students were passed in the examinations without any exam.

4. Shops closed

A number of shops were closed in this pandemic. Small shop owners were not able to pay rent so they had to lost their work.

What is lockdown?

Lockdown means lockout. Lockdown is a disaster management system which is officially implemented at the time of  disaster or epidemic .The people of the area in which the lockdown has been done, the houses are locked and exit is not allowed without permission. All they need to do is to buy essential things like medicine and the grains .They are allowed to come out, during this time if they want to  get money from the bank

The way an institution or factory is shut down and there is lockout in the same way that lock down means that you do not leave the streets for unnecessary work. If you have any problem due to lockdown life you  are  allowed to concerned Police Station, District Collector, Superintendent of Police Or you can call other higher officials. Lockdown is done for the convenience and safety of the public. All private and contract offices remain closed, government offices which do not fall in the required category are also closed.

What are the values? Describe the major types of values.

Values ​​are socially recognized questions, which are generated by the actions of the individual, such as, euphoria,integrity, patriotism, etc.

Values ​​are generally seen in two major forms -

1 provable value - the desired goal as the total achievement of long-term tasks, such as salvation, self-respect, honesty, etc.

 2. Instrument value - the price fixed to get the real value, such as earning money by borrowing, etc.).

Apart from this, values ​​are also classified on the basis of subject-related relationship.

 1. Physical or biological value - improper to improve the jovan level, such as good eating, wearing well.

 2. Social Values- Values ​​considered good in terms of social order, such as Mahla education.

 3 mental values ​​or emotional values ​​- compassion, compassion etc.

 4 aesthetic value values ​​related to nature, art, humanism, beauty- worship of trees.

 5 Moral Values ​​- Inaccurate associated with the character and conduct of the person, such as speaking the truth, not corruption.

 6. Spiritual Values ​​- Spiritual Values ​​of Life are related to meaning.  Religion, Moksha.

The impact of climate change on oceans.

Climate change increases the temperature of oceans, nutrients, chemical water organization, and wind

The system changes the nature of ocean currents.

effects of climate change on the oceans

Increase in the temperature of the oceans - by increasing the temperature of the Earth.

Acidification of oceans - ocean water interacting with carbon dioxide creates carbonic acid.

Slaughter in ocean water level - due to the melting of polar ice.

Changes in ocean current - due to increasing in temperature and melting of porous ice

Extreme climatic events - such as cyclones, storms, etc.

sinking coastal cities

Ecological destruction

Coral bleaching etc.

Hence climate change affects the ecosystem of oceans extensively.

The various factors and process which are responsible for soil erosion

Soil erosion is the removal of top soil from its resting place by responsible to accelerate soil erosion. arious-physical agencies like wind, water and ice. Several biotic factors id in loosening the top soil for the action of physical agencies. Therefore, depending upon the factors involved, there are two types of erosion- geological and accelerated.

Geological or Normal Erosion : The top soil removed by physical agencies of water or wind under normal conditions of physical, biological and hydrological equilibria. The rate of soil erosion is slow. An equilibirum is maintained between the removal of the topsoil and the formation of new soil from below through weathering. The geological or nomal erosion often produced a wavy or undulating surface with alternate ridges and depressions.

Accelerated Erosion : The removal of top soil occur at a much faster rate as compared to the formation of new soil from below. It result in the permanent loss of fertile part of the soil. Accelerated erosion occurs due to both physical and biotic factors. Amongst the most important physical factors are excessive rainfall and drought. Earth quakes and land slides also promote erosion. the biotic factors are mostly created by human interference. The various factors and processes which accelerate erosion are as follows :

(1) Heavy Rainfall : In India heavy rainfall occurs during the monsoons. It may be as high as 15 cm/day. Such an amount of rainfall cannot be absorbed by normal soils. The excess rain water accumulates on the soil. It puddles the soil and fills up the soil pores, so that soil permeability is further reduced. The beating of rain drops against the wet and clogged soils loosens the soilparticles from the upper part. They get suspended in water and are lost as the water flows along the depressions. On the slopes the excess rainfall is even more dangerous. As it passes along the slope, it gathers momentum and develops a high cutting and carying capacity. it is estimated that in India about 2,60,000 million tons of soil are annually displaced and dispersed in irigation channels, reservoirs, river beds and sea.

(2) Aridity : It is a major factor in the loss of vegetation and loosening of the top soil. According to Legris and Meher Homji (1975) Rajasthan has' suffered 5 arid phases since stone age. Each arid phase destroyed the previous mesophytic vegetation and laid the area bare for growth of sparse sclerophyllous vegetation and action of wind.

(3) Overgrazing : India has a large population of grazing animals (over 360 million). Grazing is intense on the outskirts of villages and the edges of forests. The migratory herdsmen take the animals to mountain tops during summer and bring them to foothills during winter. Overgrazing destroys the palatable specles, trampling kills many herbs and seedlings. It also causes compaction of soil, thus decreasing its porosity and permeability.

(4) Human Interfer ice: It is the major biotic factor since human activity influence the rest of biosphere. For example, excessive hunting of carnivorous animals as increased the population of herbivorous animals in
the forests of Madhya Pradesh. They have not only damaged the forests
but have also spoiled crops in the nearby villages.

Scraping and removing of litter from the forest floor are two human activities which lay the ground bare and expose it to agencies of erosion. Lopping and felling of trees in excess of natural regeneration destroy forest structure. Forests have been cleared in the past for producing
agricultural land and bulding of new industrial and residential complex.
Forest clearing through felling and buning has been carried out since the
beginning of agriculture by man. Mahabharata mentions the clearing of
Khandav forest situated between Jamuna and Gangas. Shifting or swidden
agriculture (slash and burn method) consisted of clearing forest and sowing
crops in the cleared areas for a few years. The practice is still in vogue in
parts of Assam (Pathak et.al, 1978). The cradles of the past civilization
have turned into modern day deserts because of over exploitation of natural resources and imigation channels they built for obtained water. The modem Iraq (then Mesopotamia) contains remains of several ancient
canals. Two of them are the largest of all time (Willcocks, 1911). Indus Valley Civilization and Sahara Civilizatiof had well irigated lands. However, irigation systems could not be maintained with the change of politfcal power. The system which was buill up lor increasing the productivity of the land, turmed the same into the most unproductive area.

The salient features of Wild Life Protection Act. 1972.

This Act provides for the protection of Wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected there with or ancillary or incidental thereto. It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir animal includes amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles, and their young, and also includes, in the cases of birds and reptiles, their eggs. animal article means article made from any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, and includes an article or object in which the whole or any part of such animal [has been used and ivory imported into India and an article made therefrom. hunting, includes, capturing, killing, poisoning, snaring, and trapping or any wild animal and every attempt to do so, driving any wild animal for any of purposes specified in sub clause injuring or destroying or taking any part of the body of any animal.

The Role of instructional media on Environment.

Environmental awareness is provided through the instructional materials, designed by the experts or teachers for different levels of teaching learning situations. The need of the day is to provide environmental awareness and understanding to the general mass of people. The multi media approach is used by the government and non

government organizations for the awareness of environmental problems.

Role of instructional media :

The use of instructional media is an essential component of teaching learning process to realize various social, cultural and national goals. The media contribute to the efficiency as well as effectiveness of teaching learning process both in case of face to face and distance education system.

These instructional media may be classified into two categories : 

1. Print instructional media, and 

2. Non print instructional media.

The print instructional media is used in correspondence education or postal education. The printed matter and lessons are sent to the students through postal services. The non print instructional media is used with the help of radio, television, computer, teleconferencing and video disc etc. The subject is communicated to people employing technical devices or electronic media.

The role of Information Technology in Rural development.

Rural Development & Information 

Technology : Rural India is on the way of a transformation. A transformation that will unlock the potential of village communities and transform the socio economic lanscape of rural India.

Join Hands to reach out to 600,000 villages through the proposed

100,000 Common Service centres (CSCS) an initiative facilitated by the

Department of Information Technology, Government of India. The CSCS seek to transfom rural India by providing access'to

e- Government services

Education

Health and Tele-medicine

Financial services

Entertainment

and much more.

Through the use of Intermet, computers and Information and Communication Technologies. A shot of such ICT enabled government and private services through the CSCS, will empower rural populations like never before.

Expression of Interest (EOI) is invited from corporate houses, social development organisations, trusts or NGOS driven by a passio for

sustainable rural dévelopment with relevant experience in technology

enabled interventions, employment generation, marketing, and social

change, you can participate in this unique initiative as a Service Centre

Agency (SCA). A SCa would be responsible for developing managing and mointoring effecting and sustainable business models for CSC in a public

private partners (PPP) mode over one or more districts in a state. Government of India intends to provide financial support to the SCAS and facilitate delivery of govemment and private sector content and services through the CSC to create economically sustainable models for

social development. 

SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN essay 200 words

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign run by the government of India as a massive mass movement to initiate the theme of cleanliness all through India. This campaign was launched in seeking the way to create a Clean India target by 2019, the 2nd of October means 150" birthday anniversary of the Mahatma Gandhi. The father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi was dreamed to make India a clean India and always put his hard efforts towards swachhta in India. This is the reason, why Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched on the 2nd of October (the birthday of the Mahatma Gandhi). To complete the vision of the father of the nation, the Indian government has decided to launch this campaign. The aim of the mission is to cover all the rural and urban areas of the country to present this country as an ideal country before the world. The mission has targeted aims like eliminating the open defecation, converting unsanitary toilets into pour flush toilets, eradicating manual scavenging, complete disposal and reuse of solid and liquid wastes, bringing behavioral changes to people and motivate health practices, spreading

cleanliness awareness among people, strengthening the cleanliness systems in the urban and rural areas as well as creating a user-friendly environment for all private sectors interested in investing in India for cleanliness maintenance.

This mission has an interesting theme of inviting nine new people by each and every involved people in the campaign and continuing this chain until each and every citizen of India gets involved in this campaign.

What is digital india program?

Digital India is a project started by the govermment of India on 1 of July, 2015 (from 1" to 7 of July as digital week) in order to transform India into a complete digitally empowered as well as knowledgeable Country of the world. This project is interconnected by the various govermmental departments such as IT, education, agriculture, etc in order to achieve a promising bright returns. It is headed and planned by the ministry of communications and information technology. It is like golden opportunity for India when got implemented properly. In the very starting of the project launch, there was a plan by the state government to make available high speed internet connection in almost 250,000 villages and other residential areas of the country. The crucial role played by the "Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL)" in this project is really appreciable.

In the digital India there would be easy digitization of data which will help in making things much more efficient and fast in the future. It will reduce paper work, save man power and save time as well. This project will take speed by tying the knot between government and private sectors. Huge number of villages interconnected with high speed network

will really undergo a huge change from backward regions to complete digitally equipped areas. All the cities, towns and villages in India will get more tech savvy. This project has been planned to be completed by 2019 with the investment of leading companies (national or international). It has been declared by the Ambani to invest around 2.5 lac crore in the digital India project.

MAKE IN INDIA essay in english

Make in India is an ambitious campaign launched by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 25" of September in 2014 in New Delhi. The purpose of launching this campaign is to make India a destination of global manufacturing hub. In order to make this campaign a successful one, the PM of India met to the top 40 CEOS of several Fortune 500 companies. This plan was launched in the presence of top CEOS from India Inc, ambassadors, international industry leaders, ministers, government officials, etc. This campaign has targeted to make a call to top companies of well identified countries. Some selected domestic companies who are leading in the field of innovation and new technologies have also been invited. There is a special unit in the Commerce Ministry named "Invest India" which helps in guiding all the top foreign investors in terms of regulatory and policy issues as well as assists in obtaining the regulatory clearances.

The government of India is making a huge effort in order to reduce any type of burden on the investors. There is an arrangement of a dedicated team ready to answer all the queries from business entities through the web portal. There is a back-end support team also in order to response specific queries within 72 hours of duration. Almost 25 key sectors (such as aviation, chemicals, IT, automobiles, textiles, ports, pharmaceuticals, leather, hospitality, tourism, wellness, railways, etc) have been identified by the government to work for the investors and become a world leader.

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT essay

An Essay on women empowerment in English

With the slogan of women empowerment, the question arises that "are women become really strong" and "is long term struggle has ended". Many programs have been implemented and run by the government such as International Women's day, mother's day, etc in order to bring awareness in the society about the true rights and value of women in the development of the nation. Women need to be progressed in a number of spheres. There is a high level of gender inequality in India where women are ill-treated by their family members and outsiders. The percentage of the illiterate population in India is mostly covered by women. The real meaning of women's empowerment is to make them well educated and leave them free so that they can be capable to make their own decisions in any field.

Women in India are always subjected to honor killings and they gave their basic rights for the proper education and freedom. They are the victims who have faced violence and abuse in a male-dominated country. According to the National Mission for the Empowerment of Women (NMEW) launched by the Indian Government, this step has sown some improvement in the 2011 census. The ratio of female sex and female literacy has increased. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, India needs to take some advanced steps to improve women's position in society through proper health, higher education, and economic participation. Women empowerment needs to take full speed in the right direction instead of being in a nascent stage.

राजभाषा की संवैधानिक स्थिति को स्पष्ट कीजिये।

 राजभाषा की संवैधानिक स्थिति- यह निम्न प्रकार से है-

(1) अनुच्छेद 343 में 'संघ की राजभाषा' का उल्लेख है।

(2) अनुच्छेद 344 में 'राजभाषा के लिये आयोग और संसद की समिति' का उल्लेख है।

(3) अनुच्छेद 345, 346, 347 में 'प्रादेशिक भाषायें अर्थात् राज्य की राजभाषायें' का उल्लेख है।

( 4) अनुच्छेद 348 में 'उच्चतम न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालयों में तथा अधिनियमों, विधायकों आदि की भाषा' का उल्लेख है।

(5) अनुच्छेद 349 में 'भाषा संबंधी कुछ विधियों को अधिनियमित करने के लिये विशेष प्रक्रिया' का उल्लेख है।

(6) अनुच्छेद 350 में 'व्यथा के निवारण के लिये प्रयुक्त भाषा प्राथमिकता पर मातृभाषा में शिक्षा की सुविधायें तथा भाषाई अल्पसंख्यक के लिये विशेष

अधिकारी।

(7) अनुच्छेद 3.51 में हिन्दी भाषा के विकास के लिये निदेश' आदि का उल्लेख है।

राजभाषा अधिनियम 1976- यह निम्न प्रकार है-

(1 ) संविधान के अनुच्छेद 120- इसके अनुसार संसद में हिन्दी अथवा अंग्रेजी भाषा में कार्य किया जा सकेगा। यदि कोई संसद सदस्य हिन्दी अथवा अंग्रेजी में अपने विचार व्यक्त नहीं कर सकता तो लोकसभा अध्यक्ष या राज्यसभा के सभापति की अनुमति से अपनी मातृभाषा में अपने विचार व्यक्त कर सकता है।

(2) अनुच्छेद 21 (0- विभिन्न राज्यों के विधानमंडल हिन्दी अथवा अंग्रेजी में कार्य करेंगे। यथास्थिति लोकसभा अध्यक्ष या राज्यसभा के सभापति सदस्य को उसकी मातृभाषा में विचार व्यक्त करने की अनुमति दे सकता है।

(3) अनुच्छेद 313-संघ की राजभाषा हिन्दी, लिपि देवनागरी तथा अंक भारतीय अंकों को अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय रूप वाले होंगे। सरकारी कामकाज में अंग्रेजी का प्रयोग 15 वर्षों की अवधि तक किया जाता रहेगा, परन्तु राष्ट्रपति इस अवधि के दौरान शासकीय प्रयोजनों में अंगेजी के साथ हिन्दी भाषा का प्रयोग अधिकृत कर सकेगा। 15 वर्ष की अवधि के पश्चात्

विधि द्वारा अंग्रेजी भाषा अंकों के देवनागरी रूप में प्रयोग को उपबंधित कर सकती है।

(4) अनुच्छेद 314- इसके अनुसार संविधान लागू होने के पाँच एवं दस वर्ष की समाप्ति पर राष्ट्रपति आदेश द्वारा राजभाषा आयोग का गठन करेंगे। यह आयोग हिन्दी के उत्तरोत्तर प्रयोग आदि की सिफारिश करेगा संसदीय राजभाषा समिति का गठन किया जायेगा। इस समिति में लोकसभा के बीस सदस्य और राज्यसभा के दस सदस्य होंगे यह समिति राजभाषा आयोग की सिफारिशों के बारे में राष्ट्रपति को अपनी रिपोर्ट देगी।

(5) अनुच्छेद 315- किसी राज्य का विधान मंडल विधि द्वारा इस राज्य की किसी एक अथवा अन्य भाषाओं को अपनी राजभाषा के रूप में स्वीकार कर सकता है।

(6) अनुच्छेद 346- किसी एक या दूसरे राज्य और संघ के बीच में संचार की भाषा राजभाषा होगी।

(7) अनुच्छेद 347- किसी राज्य की जनसंख्या का पर्याप्त भाग यह चाहता है कि उनके द्वारा बोली जाने वाली भाषा को शासकीय मान्यता दी जाये तो राष्ट्रपति वैसा करने के लिये संबंधित राज्य को आदेश दे सकते हैं।

(৪) अनुच्छेद 348- जब तक संसद विधि द्वारा उपवंध न करे तब तक उच्चतम न्यायालय तथा उच्च न्यायालय की सभी कार्यवाहियाँ अंग्रेजी भाषा में होंगी। संसद एवं राज्यों के विधान-मंडलों में पारित विधेयक राष्ट्रपति एवं राज्यपालों द्वारा जारी सभी अध्यादेश,

आदेश विनिमय, नियम आदि सबके प्राधिकृत पाठ भी अंग्रेजी भाषा में ही माना जायेगा ।

(9) अनुच्छेद 349- संविधान लागू होने के 15 वर्षों की अवधि तक अंग्रेजी के अलावा किसी भी दूसरी भाषा का प्राधिकृत पाठ नहीं माना जायेगा किसी अन्य भाषा के प्राधिकृत पाठ हेतु भाषा आयोग तथा सिफारिशों को गठित रिपोर्ट पर विचार करने के पश्चातु राष्ट्रपति अपनी स्वीकृति प्रदान कर सकता है।

(10) अनुच्छेद 350- शिकायत निवारण के लिये कोई भी व्यक्ति किसी भी अधिकारी या प्राधिकारी को संघ अथवा राज्य में प्रयुक्त किसी भी भाषा में अपना अभिवेदन दे सकता है।

( 11) अनुच्छेद 351- इसके अन्तर्गत हिन्दी भाषा की प्रसार वृद्धि तथा विकास करना भारत की सामासिक संस्कृति को विकसित करना, हिन्दी को भारतीय तथा अन्यं भाषाओं सो जोड़कर उसका दायरा विस्तृत करना संघ का उद्देश्य होगा।

मुहावरों की क्या विशेषतायें हैं?

 मुहावरों की विशेषतायें-

(1) मुहावरे में शब्दों का लक्ष्यार्थ ग्रहण किया जाता है : वाच्यार्थ नही। 'तलवार की धार पर चलना' का अर्थ है.जोखिम भरा या कठिन काम करना। इसमें मुख्य अर्थ का बोध लक्षणा शक्ति से ग्रहीत है।

(2) मुहावरे की शब्द-योजना में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया जा सकता। किसी शब्द की जगह उसके समानार्थी शब्द का प्रयोग. करने से मुहावरा निर्जीव हो जाता है। 'दाल में काला' की जगह 'दाल में श्याम' या 'दाल में अश्वेत' का प्रयोग नहीं हो सकता। पर्यायवाची रखने से मुहावरे की संवेदना ही नष्ट हो जाती है तथा अर्थ का अनर्थ भी हो जाता है।

(3) मुहावरे अर्थ द्योतन में रूढ़ हो जाते हैं। नये मुहावरे की रचना सहजतः नहीं हो सकती। मुहावरा-निर्माण भाषा की सतत् विकसित परंपरागत निधि है ।

(4) मुहावरों का प्रयोग दैव वाक्य में किया जाता है। वाक्य में प्रयुक्त होने पर मुहावरा अपना अर्थ निष्पन्न होने पर ही अपने व्यंजनापरक अर्थ को नष्ट करता 

(5) मुहावरे के शब्द- क्रम में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं किया जा सकता। 'नौ-दो ग्यारह होना' की जगह 'दो-नौ ग्याहर होना' का प्रयोग किंचित भी सटीक नहीं हो सकता।

(6) मुहावरे का वाक्य में प्रयोग करने पर उसका क्रियारूप लिंग, वचन, कारक आदि अनुसार

परिवर्तित हो जाता है।

ways to prevent global warming

1. To prevent global warming, various fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, etc. should be used less, instead we should use more non-conventional and renewable sources of energy such as solar energy, nuclear energy, and biogas etc. Want Biogas is an important energy source for domestic uses. Biogas is produced from cattle dung, which gives us biogas as well as natural manure. 

2. Toxic and harmful gases like carbon dioxide and CFC from factories and automobiles should be banned. 

3. A large number of trees should be planted around villages, cities and vacant lands, so that the maximum amount of carbon dioxide released by the plants in the atmosphere is used in the photosynthesis process. This will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide.

 4. Attention should be paid to forest development and at the same time legal ban should be imposed on deforestation. 

5. People should have knowledge of climate change so that they can find ways to avoid their ill effects.

What does green house mean?

A gaseous covering up to 400 kilometers around the Earth, which contains many types of gases, is called a greenhouse. It absorbs heat and increases its density. Generally, the surface temperature of the Earth is controlled by the solar energy falling on it and the solar energy reflected by the Earth, but when the carbon-d-oxide gas in the atmosphere quantity is more than that, then the atmospheric energy of its thick layer is not allowed to go out, due to which the temperature of the Earth's surface increases. This is called the Green House Effect or the Green Planet Effect. A greenhouse is a house, whose walls and roof are made of glass, due to which the rays of the sun come inside this house, but cannot be emitted from it, as a result of which the temperature inside the greenhouse increases.

factors leading to the passage of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act

Introduction of local self-government - Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was formed in 1956 to consider the nature of the Panchayati system, recognizing the importance of Panchayati Raj institutions. It recommended a three-tier Panchayati system. In the backdrop of this recommendation, the Panchayat system was introduced from Nagaur district in Rajasthan in 1959, but the Panchayati Raj system remained a powerless institution until before the 73rd Act of 1993. It did not prove capable of taking care of local development. The reason is that they had to depend on the government for financial help. Also, the state governments did not favor the formation of local institutions by-election. Several times they were dissolved and the state administration was entrusted with the responsibility of panchayats. During this period, elections were conducted indirectly in many states and these elections were irregular on the level.

The Ashok Mehta Committee was formed in 1977 against the same limitations of Panchayati Raj. It recommended a two-tier Panchayati Raj system. In 1988, P.K. once again consider the nature of the Panchayati Raj system. The Thungan Committee was formed. It not only recommended the granting of all the statutory status to local bodies but also the Constitution recommended amendments to ensure regular elections, listing of functions of local institutions and granting them financial powers.

73rd Constitution Amendment Act, 1993 - In view of the recommendations of the Thungan Committee, the Panchayati Raj was given a legal form in 1993 by the 73rd Constitution Amendment Act. Through this, efforts were also made to bring uniformity in Panchayati form across the country. The purpose of this Act was to strengthen the Panchayati Raj, it is mentioned in Article 243 under Part-9 in the Constitution and the subjects related to it are found in the 11th Schedule.

Salient features

1. Under this Act, according to the recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee, the three-tier Panchayat system was accepted - Gram Panchayat, intermediate Panchayat, and Zilla Panchayat but in states where the population is less, two-tier Panchayat system has been accepted - Gram Panchayat And is the District Panchayat.

2 In the Panchayati Institutions, the reservation has been made for providing full participation to weaker and disadvantaged groups, where Scheduled Castes and Tribes were given the basis of population and reservation, while at least one-third reservation for women was provided. Later, Bihar took the initiative to provide 50 percent reservation for women in panchayats. Subsequently, a provision of 50 percent reservation for women was also made by Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. In this Act, the provision of reservation for other backward classes was left to the state legislature.

3 As far as the provision of reservation for a single post is concerned, it is expected to take appropriate steps in this regard from the State Board of Education.

4 For the Panchayati Raj, the direct electoral system was resorted to, for which it was recommended to constitute a State Election Commission, which will conduct elections to local institutions under supervision. The Act made a strong provision that the State Election Commissioner would be appointed by the Governor, but the procedure for his removal would be similar to that of the judges of the High Court.

5. A mandatory provision for the formation of Gram Sabha was also made in this Act. Its members will be all the people of the village included in the voter list. While the Gram Panchayat president will be elected directly by these members of the gram sabha, indirect elections for intermediate panchayat and Zilla panchayat were resorted to. Election of the President of the Intermediate Panchayat by the members of the Intermediate Panchayat and the election of the President of the District Panchayat of the District Panchayat

It is done by members. Membership of the District Panchayat has been conferred on the President of the Gram Panchayat and the Chairman of the intermediate Panchayat. Also, MPs and MLAs were given the membership of intermediate and Zilla panchayats in their respective constituencies.

6. The tenure of 6 panchayats is of 5 years, but they can be dissolved even before time. In this context, the State Legislature is allowed to make provisions. If the panchayat is prematurely dissolved, a new panchayat will be constituted for the remaining term within six months, but if the panchayat elections are expected within six months of the dissolution, elections will not be held in that condition.

7 Providing minimum age of 21 years for the membership of the Panchayat, it was said that it is necessary for that person to fulfill the necessary qualification for membership of the State Legislature.

8 As far as the determination of powers and powers of Panchayats is concerned, 29 subjects have been mentioned in the Eleventh Schedule and the State Legislature was expected to confer powers and powers in this context.

9. With reference to the financial powers of Panchayats, a provision has been made to constitute the State Finance Commission on the lines of the Central Finance Commission. From this, it was expected that this revenue distribution between states and panchayats

Will consider the question of This commission will be constituted by the governor every five years.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of the Indian Constitution.

42nd Constitutional Amendment Act 1976 of the Indian Constitution during the rule of Indira Gandhi was brought to work. Due to the two-third majority of the Congress in both the Houses of Parliament on the recommendations of the Swarn Singh Commission / Committee, the ruling party unanimous in the constitution uninterrupted Amendments could be made. The amendment was so comprehensive and pithy that it was considered a revision of the constitution. The Act covers 58 sections related to the amendment under which changes have been made in the Preamble of the Constitution, 53 Articles, and the 7th Schedule. The following are the main provisions of the 49th Constitution Amendment -

1 Preamble- Three new words' Socialism ',' Secular ', and Akhandata' have been added to the Preamble.

2 Fundamental Rights - By adding Article 31-C, a provision was made that the liquidity could be amended to give effect to the Directive Principles of Policy.

3 Directive Principles of State Policy - This amendment not only increased the importance of the Directive Principles of State Policy but also increased its number. Under this, 3 new articles, article 39 (a), article 43 (a), and Article 48 (a) was added.

4 Fundamental Duties - 10 basic duties of citizens were mentioned by adding a new Part 4 (a) and Article 51-A in the Constitution.

5.There was an increase of one year in the working hours of the 5 Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies.

6 Article 312 provides for the constitution of All India Judicial Setting under All India Services.

7 The Center was empowered to deploy Central Security Forces in the states at any time.

8 Parliament was empowered to make this determination on which post is a term of profit

9 It was provided that quorum is not necessary for Parliament and State Legislatures.

10. The Constitution amendment made by the Parliament was barred from challenging in the Court.

Powers of Central Government under Environmental Protection Act

The main objective of the Environmental Protection Act was implemented with effect from November 19, 1986, with the objective of protecting the environment, improving the environment, and providing subjects related to the environment. Under which the following powers have been conferred by the Central Government -

1 Central Government in the quality of the environment has the power to improve, prevent environmental pollution, control, and eliminate environmental pollution.

2 The Central Government may, or may appoint such posts and officers for the purpose of this Act and may delegate such powers and functions under this Act as it thinks fit.

3. The Central Government may be able to exercise its powers under this Act and give directions to a person, officer, or authority in the discharge of its functions and they shall have to comply with such directions.

4 Determining standards in various aspects of the environment.

5 Determination of standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollution from various sources.

6 Identifying and prohibiting areas in which polluting industries, processing industries, processes cannot be operated or operated with appropriate safety measures.

Determining procedures and safety measures to prevent accidents that can cause environmental pollution.

8 such manufacturing processes, testing of materials that can cause environmental pollution.

9 To sponsor investigations and research related to problems of environmental pollution.

The Veto Powers of the President of India

The following three types of veto power are exercised by the President of India -

(1) Absolute Veto - Absolute Veto means not allowing the President to come to the Bill. In India, this veto cannot be used under normal circumstances. Because Article 111 clearly states that 'When a Bill has been passed by both the Houses of Parliament, it will be presented to the President and the President will declare that he gives permission or withholds permission on the Bill, but the President permits If the bill is not a money bill, it can be returned to the Houses for reconsideration as soon as possible after the Bill is presented to them. The bill is passed by the Houses with or without amendments and is presented before the President for approval, the President has to give his permission. The Money Bill cannot be returned by the President to the House because the Money Bill is introduced in the House only after the prior permission of the President. A full veto can be exercised by the President under the same circumstances - when the bill is official and introduced by a government that resigns before the president's assent to the bill.

(2) Suspense veto - When the President returns a bill other than the Money Bill for reconsideration to the House, it is said that the President has exercised the suspension veto. But after it is re-passed by the House, the President is obliged to allow it. 

(3) Pocket Veto - Under Article 111, the time limit for allowing the bill by the President was not mentioned. In the absence of a definite time limit, the President can exercise the Pocket veto, i.e. he neither gives his consent to the bill nor sends it back to the House for reconsideration. He lets Bill stay with him. He does this when he feels that the cabinet may collapse soon. In 1986, Parliament passed the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill. Some of its provisions were opposed due to press freedom. The then President Gyani Zail Singh neither allowed nor sent the bill back. As of now, the Bill is pending in the President's "pocket".

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy and its causes.

One of the worst industrial accidents in the world occurred in Bhopal, capital of Madhya Pradesh on December 2, 1984, over 15000 people became untimely due to the leakage of poisonous gas called methyl isocyanide (MIC) from a chemical factory of Union Carbide, near Bhopal city, on the intervening night of December 2-3, 1984. Hunted and many Suffered from physical disabilities. This accident, which is counted in the world's industrial disaster, is known as the Bhopal Gas Scandal and the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, but it was indeed a terrible human tragedy, which questioned the scientific achievements of humans as well as human beings. They also refused the claims of keeping the future safe. This untoward accident not only had immediate effects but also has many far-reaching effects such as - after this disaster in the adjacent areas there poisonous waste lying in the factory premises is increasing the inclusion of toxic substances in groundwater. On December 3, 2014, this event completed 30 years but the dispute still continues. There is a major controversy over compensation for gas victims and the disposal of toxic waste. The number of affected settlements increased from 7 to 22 over the years. However, after this tragedy, the state and the Center jointly provided compensation and rehabilitation assistance to the victims of the gas tragedy, which are currently going on.

The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred on December 2-3, 1984 in Bhopal due to leakage of poisonous Methyl ISO Cynate from the gas plant of the American Union Carbide factory in Bhopal. 

Due to the sudden burst of gas, air pollution decreased due to which thousands of people died. In this factory, MIC gas was produced and stored in underground containers for the manufacturing of pesticide chemicals. Due to sudden leakage of MIC gas from these containers, the fetus, newborns, pregnant women, children, birds, animals, birds, etc. were badly affected.

Reasons to the gas tragedy

1 Both safe discharge of the factory (a) Scrubber in which the gas due to Caustic Soda becomes neutral. (a) The Flare towar where the gas burnt off is not employed on that day.

2 Stores where MIC gas storage is done, the refrigeration unit was closed.

3 Water jet was unable to reach a height of 120 'from where MIC gas was coming out.

4 This poisonous gas was being stored in Tanks for two months, contrary to safety regulations.

5 The plant was located in a densely populated area of ​​the old city of Bhopal.

6 The factory administration became active 1 hour after the gas leak.

It is clear from the above description that the Bhopal gas tragedy was a horrific industrial accident, as a result of which thousands of lives instantly slept forever in the lap of untimely death, while its far-reaching effects were evident even after 30 years. Can be seen Due to this, even today many people are forced to live a life of disability, so the problem of disposal of its toxic waste remains, due to its toxic effect, there is a danger of underground and atmospheric pollution. Therefore, with the solution of this problem, efforts should be made to provide complete justice to the victims of the gas tragedy, as well as strict steps are necessary to avoid such horrific industrial accidents in the future, or else human life will remain like this.

The causes of decline of traditional cottage industries in India.

-Cottage industries collectively call those industries in which products and services are created in their home and not in any of them. In factories. In cottage industries, skilled craftsmen manufacture goods in their homes with less capital and more efficiently through their own hands. A cottage industry has been an important contributor to India since ancient times. After the British arrived in India, the cottage industries in India were rapidly destroyed and traditional artisans adopted other occupations. But due to the influence of the Swadeshi movement, the cottage industry was reinforced and At present, the cottage industries are playing a parallel role of modern technology. Now, in addition to skill and hard work, small scale machines also used.

The cottage industries can be mainly divided into two parts.

1. Rural Cottage Industries

2. Urban cottage industries

Following are the major reasons for the decline of traditional cottage industries in India

1. Continuous change in the agricultural rent policy by the British Government system resulted in the decline of cottage industries due to the lack of raw materials.

2. Exploiting the craftsmen by landlords by trapping them in the debt cycle.

3. India lacked infrastructure, cottage industries collapsed.

4. Small cottage industries also declined due to the use of modern machinery in industries.

5. Not to encourage the development of small cottage industries by the British rule, but to discourage it.

How paintings developed during the period of Jahangir

Mughal painting reached its peak during the era of Jahangir. The person with a Jahangir connoisseur vision was the common law of this dynasty that different painters used to draw faces, bodies, and feet of individuals in the same picture. Jahangir claimed that he could recognize the work of every painter in any painting. Aurangzeb Chami coordinated the themes of Indo-Jain painting and previous traditions in the 18th century in the West Mughal tradition with Mughal forms and styles in the Rajasthani style of painting. In this way, in addition to hunting and court scenes, portraits were made on mythological themes such as Krishna's Premlila with Radha, on the Bahamas i.e. on the seasons and on the ragas. The style will also continue these traditions. During the period of Jahangir, there was special progress in drawing images of hunting, war, and court scenes, besides making pictures of individuals and animals. Mansoor's name was famous in this region. At this time the trend of portrait (portrait) was also increased. The tradition continued under Shah Jahan too, but due to Aurangzeb's no interest in painting, painters were scattered in different parts of the country. This brought new life to the heirs of the painting but the development of painting in the hill states of Rajasthan and Punjab.

The Devdasi Tradition of India.

This devadasi is an ancient practice of Hinduism. In some areas of India, especially in South India, women were caught in the morass of prostitution in the name of religion and faith. Due to social family pressure, these women were forced to become part of this religious practice. Under the Devadasi system, upper-caste women dedicated themselves to the temple and served the deity. Dances were performed in temples to please the deity. The temple priests started making physical connections with the women involved in this practice, saying that this establishes contact between them and God. Gradually it became his right, which also got social acceptance. After that, the kings used to keep devadasis in their palaces started trending. In the Mughal period, while the kings felt that such a large number of devadasis were not under their control, the devadasis became public property. This practice is still continuing in 10 districts of Karnataka and 14 districts of Andhra Pradesh. Many NGOs have registered their opposition to the Devadasi system.

In the general social concept, Devadasi refers to women who are married in a temple or any other religious establishment. Their job is to take care of temples and learn dance and music. At first, they had a high status in society, later the situation became worse. Devadasis are traditionally brahmacharis, but now they also have the right to have sexual intercourse with men. This is an unfair and wrong social practice. Its practice was predominant in South India. The twentieth century saw some change in the condition of the Devadasis. When the British and Muslim rulers tried to abolish the devadasi system, the Hindus considered it as an attack on their religion and strengthened it further.

Describe the characteristics of Renaissance.

The following are the characteristics of the Renaissance -

(1) The development of inquisitive and investigative vision - that is, as a result of individualism, the human being was considered responsible for the works, which led to the birth of new geographical discoveries.

 (2) Development of adventurous sentiments - Due to increasing intellectual importance, a logical attitude developed in people and different kinds of ideas and research started to develop.  Lack of control of the church also gave people an opportunity to demonstrate their potential and they also got credit for it.

(3) Humanism - In the Renaissance period, the center of thinking was human, in fact humanism has been the soul of the Renaissance.

(4) Development of versatility - In the reconnaissance period, versatility developed - Leonardo the Vinci was equipped with various talents such as mathematician, philosopher, botanist, geologist, painter, sculptor.

(5) Individualism - In the medieval period human achievements were considered to be the gift of God, but in the Renaissance, the person was associated with his work, which showed his own importance and increased his own importance.

(6) Secularism - that is, to liberate man from religious fanatics and superstitions, his life was to be freed from religious control and to emphasize on Ihlok.

(7) Rationalistic nature - In the medieval period it was believed that the concept of 'know then' was developed, but in the Renaissance, 'know' then 'keep away' as if the concept of was adopted.

(8) Worship of natural beauty - meaning that the beauty of a normal human free from religion was given importance, as Monalisa was not a special beauty or princess.  She is the mysterious smile of a simple-looking woman.

What is migration ? What is condition of migration in Madhya Pradesh ?

The condition of  Migration in  Madhya Pradesh

Migration is a type of immigration, in which the transfer of population from one geographical area to another geographical area is done. Thus, migration means move from one place or region to another.  This stay is due to natural Disaster or any other reason and may also be called displacement. It is mostly found in rural and tribal areas in India, usually due to seasonal unemployment move towards the urban industrial centers. The migration may be of long-term or permanent nature. Those people who move from one place are related to the process of out-migration,

whereas those who come to the place are related to the process of immigration.

 Types or patterns of migration

 1. Primitive Migration nomadic community.

 2. Obligation of compulsive or ecological is also called Displacement.

 3. Free Migration to fulfill higher aspirations.

 4. Mass migration is the result of economic, political, social conditions.

Migrations from rural to urban, urban to rural, rural-rural, urban-urban, inter district, inter-state and international can be seen. Migration or migration from one country to another is the third biggest reason for the change in population. Two other causes are mortality and birth rate.

As far as the migration situation in Madhya Pradesh is concerned, there is a situation of migration on a large scale due to lack of employment, natural disasters and construction of large projects in rural areas like the country. Rural youth and tribal people of the state, due to lack of employment are  forced to migrate to industrial centers in cities in the search of job. The same happens towards cities or other parts of the world. Tribes in particular region migrate seasonally. Due to drought M.P.  Tribes migrate from the districts of Alirajpur, Jhabua etc. and returns to their territory when the rain start again. The biggest migration reason would be more appropriate to call it displacement is the development of government projects. Actually the developmental work being done by the government migration becomes a cause for people in those particular areas.  Most of the industrial areas are established in the tribal areas only and the tribes settling in the areas of mines etc. have to migrate.  This migration occurs permanently. Similarly due to multipurpose river valley projects,  the people of the state have to permanently abandon their original places. Thousands of families of the state are forced to migrate homeless due to Indira Sagar and Sardar Sarovar Projects that due to lack of proper arrangements for rehabilitation for such a large displacement, they had to face huge public protests and movements.

The objectives of TRIMS'.

Trade-Related Investment Measures-Trims-related investment rules or criteria-trims) are the rules that apply to a country's regulatory act to foreign investors. This is a part of industrial policy. The agreement was negotiated under the World Trade Organization (WTO) predecessor to the Customs and Trade (GAT) General Agreement in 1994.

Was done in 1995, which came into existence in 1995. This agreement was implemented with the mutual consent of all WTO members. All investment criteria or rules related to trade are one of the four major legal contracts of the WTO trade treaty.

The Trims rule is that it restricts the preference of domestic firms and enables international companies to operate more easily within foreign markets. Traditionally established material requirements and policies in the form of trade balance rules and restrictive or competitive trade practices in domestic industries are also being banned. Five investment criteria have been identified by the Trims Agreement, which is inconsistent with the general abolition of quantitative restrictions and the GATT provisions involving equal national behavior. The purpose of the Trims agreement is to end this inconsistency. These investment criteria include foreign

A specific ratio of production to exports and a specific proportion of local production as a condition of using local inputs on investors, balancing the foreign exchange spending on import inputs by export income, receiving imported products as inputs Including commitments such as not being destined for more than.

According to the TRIMS agreement, member countries have to end such measures that affect trade within a timeframe. Such measures have also been identified under the Trims Agreement. 

The last date or period to conclude inconsistent agreements was set for July 1, 1997, for developed countries, 2000 for developing countries, and 2002 for underdeveloped countries.

The basic objective of this agreement is that if the exporters have increased their exports improperly, the domestic industry of the importing country may be affected by the glut of cheap goods. In such a situation, the associated importing country will have no option but to save the domestic industry. Hence, a provision has been made that if the import of a particular product increases spontaneously and as a result, the domestic industry will suffer

In such a situation, the importing country may levy supplementary duty for the purpose of saving the domestic industry, so that the export price becomes normal. If so

If there is no provision, then imports will become very cheap and as a result, the domestic industry of the importing country will be destroyed. So basically the purpose of this agreement is to protect domestic industries.

The targeted Public Distribution System.

What is public distribution system?

Public distribution system refers to the system under which various consumer goods are sold at a reasonable price to the poor public, especially the weaker section consumers, at fixed prices.  In this system, various commodities (wheat, rice, sugar, imported edible oil, coal, kerosene etc.) are sold through rationed consumer stores.  The rate of profit for these vendors is fixed and they have to sell certain prices and certain quantity of goods to the ration holders.

The Government of India introduced the targeted public distribution system in June 1997 with a focus on the poor. Under the Targeted Public Distribution System, the states were required to formulate and implement a robust system of identification of the poor to deliver food grains and distribute them in a transparent and accountable manner at the appropriate store level.

 There are three types of ration cards under Public Distribution System - BPL card, APL card and Antyodaya card. The public distribution system is run by the central and state governments. Food grains and other items are allocated to the states by the Center and the value of these items is also decided.  The state has the right to include transportation expenses etc. in the price fixed by the Center.  The transportation, storage, distribution and inspection of goods received under this system is done by the state government.  State governments, if they want, other items that they can buy, included in the public distribution system

 Can do.

The causes of low industrialization in Madhya Pradesh.

What is Industrialization???
It is the name of a social and economic process. In this, the socio-economic condition of the human group changes, in which the occupation of industries is dominated. In fact, it is a part of modernization. Large-scale energy consumption, large-scale production, excess metallurgical, etc. are the characteristics of industrialization. In a way, it is a large-scale organization of the economy by promoting construction works. In other words, industrialization is the central dynamic force in the process of economic development of an economy.
There is a resolve to make Madhya Pradesh a developed and industrialized state of the country. This is also possible given its central geographical location and the abundant natural resources available here. This is the reason that the state government's campaign to attract investment in the state has been continuously running for the last seven years.
Industry in Madhya Pradesh is largely dependent on natural resources. Here limestone, coal, oilseeds, pulses, bauxite, iron ores, diamond, copper ore, manganese ore, rock phosphate, silica, soy, cotton, and other natural wealth is abundant. The state remains a strong industrial foundation for sectors such as textiles, cement, steel, food processing, automobile and auto components, pharma, and optical fiber. To invest in the state
Madhya Pradesh is a resource-rich state to attract. The government is continuously improving the business environment through progressive policies and proactive measures. Despite this, Madhya Pradesh is still a backward state in terms of industrialization.
 
The reasons for shortage or backwardness in the state's industrial sector can be explained through the following points:

1. Lack of finance- The lack of finance is the main reason behind the industrialization of the state. This includes a weak equity base, poor utilization of assets, inefficient working capital management, lack of cost and pricing, planning and budgeting, and inappropriate use or lack of funds.
2. Production Policies- Another very important reason for backwardness is related to production, which is due to incorrect selection of site, improper plant, and machinery, lack of plant and machinery, quality control, standard R&D, etc.
3. Weak personnel management- Another internal reason for the backwardness of small-scale industries in the state includes wrong wages and salary administration, weak labor relations. All this causes dissatisfaction between employees and workers due to the lack of a behavioral approach.
4. Ineffective corporate management- Another reason for the sickness of small-scale industries is improper corporate planning, which includes lack of honesty, lack of coordination and control, etc. in the top management.
5. Concentration of industries in a limited area - M.P. Concentration of industries is also limited to a few districts due to low industrialization. State total
Out of 51 districts, only 12-14 districts have a concentration of important industries.
6. Transport system- A well-organized transport system has not been developed in the state. Where natural resources are available from the point of view of industries, there is a lack of rail or roadways. This poor transportation system has a negative impact on the development of industries.
7. Lack of investment- There is a lack of investment required for industrialization in the state. Although continuous efforts are being made by the government to promote industrial investment, despite this there remains a lack of investment in this sector.

Apart from this, there are many reasons such as loss of profit rather than lack of necessary infrastructure development for industries, wrong marketing policies, lack of incentive to the private sector, lack of capital support, complex regulatory structure, the slow process at the government level, etc. Which can be attributed to the slow industrialization of the state.

What is "Make in India" programme ?

The Make in India campaign, the largest exercise program to manufacture manufacturing houses in India, was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 25, 2014. The objective of Make in India is to make the country the extent of manufacturing. It has been promised to provide basically a favorable environment to both domestic and foreign investors so that India can be transformed into a manufacturing hub with employment of 125 crore strong India.

New working techniques-   This will have wide impact in a serious business and it has two inherent elements required for any innovation - new routes or opportunities.

Tackling and keeping the right balance include facing challenges.  Politics leadership is expected to be widely popular.  but the  MAKE in India initiative is indeed seen as an equitable mix of economic prudence, administrative reform.  Thus, this initiative calls for a public mandate - "A Akaki supports India."

The Make in India program, launched to promote entrepreneurship not only in manufacturing but other sectors in India, is based on four pillars.

New Methodology: Make in India believes that one of the most important things to promote entrepreneurship is the ease of doing business.

Many initiatives have already started to make the carvari atmosphere easier.  Have been done.  Its purpose is to de-

 License and de-regulation.  New Infrastructure: Modern and Development for Industry Development Availability of convenient infrastructure is a very important requirement.  The government intends to build industrial corridors and smart cities to provide modern high-speed communication and integrated logistics arrangements as well as infrastructure based on superior technology.  Strengthening existing infrastructure by improving infrastructure in industrial clusters

 will be given.

New Sectors: Make in India has identified 25 sectors in manufacturing, infrastructure and service activities and is detailed through interactive web portals and professionally designed brochures Information is being shared.

New Thought: Industries are accustomed to seeing the government as a regulator.  The aim of MAC in India is to change this thinking by bringing about a paradigm shift in the government's dialogue with industries.  The government will partner with industries in the economic development of the country.  Our view will be of a facilitator (and not a regulator).

 Goals to be achieved

Aim to increase the manufacturing sector by 12–14 per cent per year over the medium term.

Increase the share of manufacturing in the GDP of the country from 16 to 25 percent by 2022.

To create 100 million additional jobs by 2022 in the manufacturing sector.

Build appropriate skills for overall development of rural migrants and urban poor people.

To enhance technical knowledge in domestic value addition and manufacturing.

To increase the global competitiveness of the Indian manufacturing sector.

To ensure the stability of development in relation to the Indian especially environment.

Through this campaign, new processes will be adopted for the use of information, communication and technology including business simplicity, non-license, non-regulatory, industrial corridors, industrial clusters, smart cities, rapid railways and new ones like metro railways, water and gas grids.  Structures will be built, sectors such as defense, insurance, construction and railways will be opened for foreign investment, now the government will not only become a permit-granting authority, but will act as a catalyst for investors and manufacturers, will play an active part in their success.  , Extensive exemptions will be provided in the license and regulatory framework so that foreign investors try to set up manufacturing companies and provide a simple process for clearance

 Will be done  The campaign includes several major initiatives to facilitate investment, facilitate the path of capital formation, encourage innovation, preserve intellectual property rights, and create advanced manufacturing-based, infrastructure.

'Make in India has increased the prospects of economic development to an ambitious level.  Due to this campaign, many new trends are seen in our economy which give prosperity.  India is beginning to transform into an attractive destination for investment and manufacturing.  Now India's credibility has increased in the agenda of industrial and commercial companies around the world and India is on the first priority in their roadmap agenda.  Barring a few exceptions, today the Indian market is gaining heights in many areas.  In terms of consumer confidence, India is ranked number one, surpassing all the countries of the world.  It has many important grounds for attracting domestic and foreign investment and boosting exports, huge urban and rural markets, the world's fastest growing middle class, the world's most productive young generation and positive returns like higher returns on foreign investment.  India's economic and financial sector are the leading institutions.  India pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemicals,

It is the fastest emerging country in the field of construction and bio-technology, due to which this campaign will create new employment opportunities within the country on a large scale, the amount of import of manufacturing products will be reduced in a big way.  The diversity of components will increase, which will include a plurality of manufacturing products, the world's latest technology will come and will help reduce the trade off of the manufacturing companies that we have with some countries.

 

Global warming and its causes and effects

- The process of warming the ocean, the entire environment including snowflakes, and regular warming of the Earth's surface is called global warming. The last few years have seen a rise in global atmospheric temperature.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the Earth's average temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the last century. It is also estimated that by the next century, it may increase by 2 to 11.5 degrees F.

Climate change is actually called a change in the climatic conditions on Earth. This happens due to various external and internal reasons. These include other internal and external causes including solar radiation, changes in the Earth's orbit, volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, etc.

Causes of Climate Change - There are many factors that have been responsible for bringing changes in the weather in the past. These include variations in solar energy reaching Earth, volcanic eruptions, orbital changes and plate tectonics, etc. In addition, many human activities have also been

Have been responsible for bringing changes in climatic conditions over the decades. The recent change in climatic conditions is also known as global warming.

Causes of Global Warming: There are many reasons for global warming, the main reason is the greenhouse gas which is produced by some humans by some natural processes. Greenhouse gases have been seen to rise in the 20th century due to population explosion, economy, and energy use. Industrial activities are the reason for the release of many greenhouse gases into the atmosphere because industrialization is needed in the modern world to meet almost every need.

In the last few years, carbon dioxide (CO) and sulfur oxide (SO,) have increased by 10 times. Including oxidation rotation and photosynthesis

The release of carbon dioxide varies according to natural and industrial processes. Methane in the atmosphere due to the decomposition of organic goods

The name greenhouse gas also comes out. The second greenhouse gas is nitrogen oxide, hello carbons, CFCS chlorine, bromine compound, etc. They all mix together in the atmosphere and disturb the radioactive balance of the atmosphere. They have the ability to absorb hot radiation.

Due to this, the surface of the earth starts heating up.

A decrease in the ozone layer in Antarctica is also a cause of global warming. The ozone layer is decreasing as CFCS gas increases. This is a human-caused cause of global warming. Many use of CFCS gas

Industrial liquid cleaning in places is like an aerosol propellant and in the fridge, due to its regular increase, the ozone layer decreases.

The function of the ozone layer is to protect the earth from harmful rays. Whereas, increasing global warming of the Earth's surface is an indication that

There is erosion in the ozone layer. Harmful ultraviolet sun rays enter the biosphere and are absorbed by greenhouse gases

Which eventually leads to an increase in global warming.

The presence of aerosols in the atmosphere also increases the surface temperature of the earth. Atmospheric aerosols have the ability to spread and can catch sun rays and excess rays. These can cause cloud signs and microphysical changes. Its quantity in the environment has increased due to humans. Agriculture creates heat, burning of bio-fuel

Organic droplets and black particles are produced, and by the burning of many different substances in manufacturing processes, by industrial processes

The aerosol is produced. Different pollutants are also released through transport which reacts with chemicals in the atmosphere to form aerosols.

Impact of Global Warming: Due to the means of increasing global warming, its effect has become quite clear in a few years. The storm is now becoming dangerous and powerful due to major climate change. Global warming has resulted in a lot of climate change which can be attributed to increasing in the summer season, decrease in cold weather, increase in temperature, change in air circulation, jet stream, unseasonal rain, melting of snow peaks, ozone Layer erosion, severe storm, cyclone, flood, drought, etc.

Effects of global warming can be seen as follows:

Temperature rise In the last ten years, the average temperature of the earth has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius. It is feared that global warming will only increase further in the coming times.

Natural storms are becoming more powerful by taking energy from the temperature difference. The year 2012 has been recorded as the warmest year since 1895 and 2013 with the year 2003 as the warmest year since 1880.

Increase in sea surface: Global warming will increase the temperature of the tremor, which will cause the ice accumulated on glaciers to melt. Melting of glaciers' ice will increase the amount of water in the oceans, which will also increase their surface from year to year. Erosion of natural coasts due to rising sea surface

There will be a charge that will drown a large part.

Impact on human health: Humans will have the most impact of climate change. Many people will have to lose their lives. Increasing heat will increase infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever, clean water to drink, fresh food to eat, and even pure air to breath

What is "MOM" Mission MARS orbitter mission

Mangalyaan, (formal name- Mars Orbiter Mission, Mars Orbiter Mission) is India's first Mars mission.  This is India's first interplanetary mission.  In fact, it is an ambitious space project of the Indian Space Research Organization. With this, India has also joined those countries which have sent their vehicles to Mars. By the way, two-thirds of the campaigns launched to know Mars have been unsuccessful, but with the arrival on Mars on September 24, 2014, India is the first country to succeed in its first attempt in the world. It has become the fourth country in the world at the Space Agency.  Apart from this, it is also the cheapest mission sent to Mars. India also became the first country in Asia to do so because earlier China and Japan had failed in their Mars expedition.